69
Views
1
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
REVIEW ARTICLES

FIXATIVES AND EMBEDDING MEDIA FOR IMMUNOCYTOCHEMISTRY

Pages 405-425 | Published online: 13 Apr 2010

REFERENCES

  • Acetarin , J-D. , Carlemalm , E. and Villiger , W. 1986 . Developments of new Lowicryl resins for embedding biological specimens at even lower temperatures . Journal of Microscopy , 143 : 81 – 88 .
  • Altmannsberger , M. , Osborn , M. , Schauer , A. and Weber , K. 1981 . Antibodies to different intermediate filament proteins: cell type-specific markers on paraffin-embedded human tissues . Laboratory Investigation , 45 : 427 – 434 .
  • Andrew , A. and De Mey , J. 1981 . The application of immuno-gold staining of thin sections to identification of gut endocrine cell types . Proceedings of the Electron Microscopy Society of Southern Africa , 11 : 25 – 26 .
  • Andrew , A. and Rawdon , B. B. 1980 . The ultrastructural identity of pancreatic polypeptide cells in chicks . Histochemistry , 65 : 261 – 267 .
  • Armbruster , B. L. , Garavito , R. M. and Kellenberger , E. 1983 . Dehydration and embedding temperatures affect the antigenic specificity of tubulin and immunolabelling by the protein A-colloidal gold technique . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 31 : 1380 – 1384 .
  • Azumi , N. , Joyce , J. and Battifora , H. 1990 . Does rapid microwave fixation improve immunohistochemistry? . Modern Pathology , 3 : 368 – 372 .
  • Baker , J. R. 1966 . Cytological Technique London : Methuen .
  • Baskin , D. G. , Erlandsen , S. L. and Parsons , J. A. 1979 . Immunocytochemistry with osmium-fixed tissue. I Light microscopic localization of growth hormone and prolactin with the unlabelled antibody-enzyme method . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 27 : 867 – 872 .
  • Beach , T. G. , Tago , H. , Nagai , T. , Kimura , H. , Mcgeer , P. L. and Mcgeer , E. G. 1987 . Perfusion-fixation of the human brain for immuno-histochemistry: comparison with immersion-fixation . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 19 : 183 – 192 .
  • Beauvillain , J. C. and Tramu , G. 1980 . Lmmunocytochemical demonstration of LH-RH, somatostatin, and Acth-like peptide in osmium-postfixed, resin-embedded median eminence . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 28 : 1014 – 1017 .
  • Beckstead , J. H. 1985 . Optimal antigen localization in human tissues using aldehyde-fixed plastic-embedded sections . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 33 : 954 – 958 .
  • Bedossa , P. , Bacci , J. , Lemajgre , G. and Martin , E. 1987 . Effects of fixation and processing on the immunohistochemical visualisation of type-I, III and -IV collagen in paraffin-embedded liver tissue . Histochemistry , 88 : 85 – 89 .
  • Bendayan , M. 1984 . Protein A-gold electron microscopic immunocytochemistry: methods, applications and limitations . Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique , 1 : 243 – 270 .
  • Bendayan , M. , Nanci , A. and Kan , F. W. 1987 . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 35 : 983 – 996 . Effects of tissue processing on colloidal gold cytochemistry
  • Bendayan , M. and Zollinger , M. 1983 . Ultrastructural localization of antigenic sites on osmium-fixed tissues applying the protein A-gold technique . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 31 : 101 – 109 .
  • Berod , A. , Hartman , B. K. and Pujoi , J. F. 1981 . Importance of fixation in immunohistochemistry: use of formaldehyde solutions at variable pH for the localization of tyrosine hydroxylase . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 29 : 844 – 850 .
  • Bohn , W. 1978 . A fixation method for improved antibody penetration in electron microscopical immunoperoxidase studies . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 26 : 293 – 297 .
  • Brandtzaeg , P. 1982 . “ Tissue preparation methods for immunocytochemistry. ” . In Techniques in immunocytochemistry Edited by: Bullock , G. R. and Petrusz , P. Vol. 1 , 1 – 75 . London and New York : Academic Press .
  • Briand , J. P. , Muller , S. and Van Regenmortel , M. H.V. 1985 . Synthetic peptides as antigens: pitfalls of conjugation methods . Journal of Immunological Methods , 78 : 59 – 69 .
  • Brozman , M. 1980 . Antigenicity restoration of formaldehyde-treated material with chymotrypsin . Acta Histrochemica , 67 : 80 – 85 .
  • Bullock , G. R. 1984 . The current status of fixation for electron microscopy: a review . Journal of Microscopy , 133 : 1 – 17 .
  • Bu'Lock , A. J. , Vaillant , Dockray G.J. and Bu'Lock , J. D. 1982 . A rational approach to the fixation of peptidergic nerve cell bodies in the gut using parabenzoquinone . Histochemistry , 74 : 49 – 55 .
  • Carlemalm , E. 1990 . Lowicryl resins in microbiology . Journal of Structural Biology , 104 : 189 – 191 .
  • Carlemalm , E. , Villiger , W. , Hobot , J. A. , Acetarin , J-D. and Kellenberger , E. 1985 . Low temperature embedding with Lowricyl resins: two new formulations and some applications . Journal of Microscopy , 140 : 55 – 63 .
  • Carson , EL. , Martin , J. H. and Lynn , J. A. 1973 . Formalin fixation for electron microscopy: a re-evaluation . American Journal of Clinical Pathology , 59 : 365 – 373 .
  • Casey , T. T. and Beckstead , J. H. 1990 . Plastic versus paraffin embedding for histopathology and immunocytochemistry (letter) . American Journal of Surgical Pathology , 14 : 500 – 501 .
  • Casey , T. T. , Cousar , J. and Collins , R. D. 1988 . A simplified plastic embedding and immunohistologic technique for immunophenotypic analysis of human hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues . American Journal of Pathology , 131 : 183 – 189 .
  • Causton , B. E. 1984 . “ The choice of resins for electron immunocytochemistry. ” . In Immunolabelling for electron microscopy Edited by: Polak , J. M. and Vamdell , I. M. 29 – 37 . Amsterdam : Elsevier .
  • Charalambous , C. , Singh , N. and Isaacson , P. G. 1993 . Immunohistochemical analysis of Hodgkin's disease using microwave heating . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 46 : 1085 – 1088 .
  • Childs , G. V. 1983 . The use of multiple methods to validate immunocytochemical stains . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 32 : 168 – 176 .
  • Childs , G. V. 1986 . A glossary of immunocytochemical terms . American Journal of Anatomy , 175 : 131 – 134 .
  • Childs , G. V. , Unabia , G. and Tibolt , R. 1985 . How the fixation-embedding protocol affects the specificity and efficiency of immunocytochemical stains for gonadotropin subunits . American Journal of Anatomy , 174 : 409 – 417 .
  • Chiu , K. Y. , Loke , S. L. and Ho , F. C.S. 1994 . Immunohistochemical demonstration of c-erbB-2 oncoprotein in gastric adenocarcinoma: comparison of cryostat and paraffin wax sections and effect of fixation . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 47 : 117 – 121 .
  • Coetzee , J. and Meyburgh , S. E. 1988 . The effect of embedding resin on the signal to noise ratio during colloidal gold-enzyme labelling . Proceedings of the Electron Microscopy Society of Southern Africa , 18 : 17 – 18 .
  • Colbatzky , F. and Hermanns , W. 1987 . Immunohistochemical demonstration of various antigens in tissues embedded in plastic . Histochemical Juurnal , 19 : 589 – 593 .
  • Costa , M. , Buffa , R. , Furness , J. B. and Solcia , E. 1980 . Immunohistochemical localization of polypeptides in peripheral autonomic nerves using whole mount preparations . Histochemistry , 65 : 157 – 165 .
  • Coulter , H. D. 1986 . Freezing and drying of biological tissues with a toggle-link helium freezer and an improved freeze-drying apparatus: application to neuropeptide immunocytochemistry . Journal of Electron Microscopy Technique , 4 : 315 – 328 .
  • Cuevas , E. C. , Bateman , A. C. , Wilkins , B. S. , Johnson , P. A. , Williams , J. H. , Lee , A. H.S. , Jones , D. B. and Wright , D. H. 1994 . Microwave antigen retrieval in immunocytochemistry: a study of 80 antibodies . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 47 : 448 – 452 .
  • Curran , R. C. and Gregory , J. 1980 . Effects of fixation and processing on immunohistochemical demonstration of immunoglobulin in paraffin sections of tonsil and bone marrow . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 33 : 1047 – 1057 .
  • De Lellis , R. M. , Sternberger , L. A. , Mann , R. B. , Banks , P. M. and Nakane , P. K. 1979 . Immunoperoxidase technics in diagnostic pathology: report of a workshop sponsored by the National Cancer Institute . American Journal of Clinical Pathology , 71 : 483 – 488 .
  • Denizot , J. P. , Arnold , G. , Geffard , M. and Libouban , S. 1988 . The use of Quetol 651 for the post-embedding immunohistochemical demonstration ofδ-aminobutyric acid on semithin sections . Histochemical Journal , 20 : 222 – 229 .
  • Dudek , R. W. , Childs , G. V. and Boyne , A. F. 1982 . Quick-freezing and freeze-drying in preparation for high quality morphology and immunocytochemistry at the ultrastructural level: application to pancreatic beta cell . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 30 : 129 138
  • Duello , T. M. and Gumkowski , F. C. 1986 . Immunocytochemical localization of protein antigens in large sections of tissues embedded in water-soluble embedding media . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 34 : 535 – 538 .
  • Eldred , W. D. , Zucker , Karten , H. J. and Yazulla , S. 1983 . Comparison of fixation and penetration enhancement techniques for use in ultrastructural immunocytochemistry . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 31 : 285 – 292 .
  • Eerlanosen , S. L. , Parsons , J. A. and Rodning , C. B. 1979 . Technical parameters of immunostaining of osmicated tissue in epoxy sections . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 27 : 1286 – 1289 .
  • Ferrell , L. D. and Beckstead , J. H. 1990 . “ Plastic embedding. Use of glycol methacrylate-embedded biopsy material at the light microscopic level. ” . In Pathology Annual Edited by: Rosen , P. and Fechner , G. R. Vol. 25 , 341 – 360 . Connecticut : Appleton and Lange. .
  • Finley , J. C.W. and Petrusz , P. 1982 . “ The use of proteolytic enzymes for improved localization of tissue antigens with immunocytochemistry. ” . In Techniques in immunocytochemistry Edited by: Bullock , G. R. and Petrusz , P. Vol. 1 , 239 – 249 . London : Academic Press .
  • Fisher , C. J. , Gillett , C. E. , Vojtesek , B. , Barnes , D. M. and Millis , R. R. 1994 . Problems with p53 immunohistochemical staining: the effect of fixation and variation in the methods of evaluation . British Journal of Cancer , 69 : 26 – 31 .
  • Frederick , P. M. , Bomans , P. H.H. , Busing , W. M. , Odselius , R. and Hax , W. M.A. 1984 . Vapor fixation for immunocytochemistry and X-ray microanalysis on cryoultramicrotome sections . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 32 : 636 – 642 .
  • Gerrits , P. O. and Van Goor , H. 1988 . Immunohistochemistry on glycol methacrylate embedded tissues: possibilities and limitations . Journal of Histotechnology , 11 : 243 – 246 .
  • Giddings , J. , Griffin , R. L. and Maclver , A. G. 1982 . Demonstration of immunoproteins in araldite-embedded tissues . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 35 : 111 – 114 .
  • Gosselin , E. J. , Cate , C. C. , Pettengill , O. S. and Sorrenson , G. D. 1986 . Immunocytochemistry: its evolution and criteria for its application in the study of epon-embedded cells and tissue . American Journal of Anatomy , 175 : 135 – 160 .
  • Griffiths , G. , Mcdowall , A. , Back , R. and Dubochet , J. 1984 . On the preparation of cyrosections for immunocytochemistry . Journal of Ultrastructure Research , 89 : 65 – 78 .
  • Grube , D. and Kusumoto , Y. 1986 . Serial semi-thin sections in immunohistochemistry: techniques and applications . Archivum Histologicum Japonicum , 49 : 391 – 410 .
  • Grzanna , R. 1982 . “ Light microscopic immunocytochemistry with fixed, unembedded tissues. ” . In Techniques in immunocytochemistry Edited by: Bullock , G. R. and Petrusz , P. Vol. 1 , 183 – 203 . London and New York : Academic Press. .
  • Gu , J. , Huang , W. M. and Polak , J. M. 1985 . Stability of immunocytochemical reactivity of neuronal substances following delayed fixation . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 12 : 297 – 302 .
  • Gusterson , Mitchell D. , Warburton , M. and Sloane , J. 1982 . Immunohistochemical localization of keratin in human lung tumours . Virchows Archiv A. Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology , 394 : 269 – 277 .
  • Haerslev , T. and Jacobsen , G. K. 1994 . Microwave processing for immunohistochemical demonstration of proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Pcna) in formalin-fixed and paraffin-embedded tissue . Apmis (Copenhagen) , 102 : 395 – 400 .
  • Hagiwara , H. 1992 . Immunoelectron microscopic study of proteoglycans in rat epiphyseal growth plate cartilage after fixation with ruthenium hexamine trichloride (Rht) . Histochemistry , 98 : 305 – 309 .
  • Hall , P. A. , Stearn , P. M. , Butler and D'Ardenne , A. J. 1987 . Acetone/periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde (Plp) fixation and improved morphology of cryostat sections for immunohistochemistry . Histopathology , 11 : 93 – 101 .
  • Hand , N. M. 1995 . Diagnostic immunocytochemistry on resin-embedded tissue . UK Neqas Immunocytochemistry Newsletter) , 6 : 13 – 16 .
  • Hand , N. M. , Blythe , D. and Jackson , P. 1996 . Antigen unmasking using microwave heating on formalin fixed tissue embedded in methyl methacrylate . Journal of Cellular Pathology , 1 : 31 – 37 .
  • Hausen , P. and Dreyer . 1981 . The use of polyacrylamide as an embedding medium for immunohistochemical studies of embryonic tissues . Stain Technology , 56 : 287 – 293 .
  • Hausen , P. and Dreyer . 1983 . Urea reactivates antigens in paraffin sections for immunofluorescent staining . Stain Technology , 57 : 321 – 324 .
  • Hayashi , Y. , Koike , M. , Matsutani , M. and Hoshino , T. 1988 . Effects of fixation time and enzymatic digestion on immunohistochemical demonstration of bromodeoxyuridine in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissue . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 36 : 511 – 514 .
  • Hazelbag , H. M. , Broek , L. J.C.M. V.D. , Van Dorst , E. B.L. , Offerhaus , G. J.A. , Fleuren , G. J. and Hogenworn , P. C.W. 1995 . Immunostaining of chain-specific keratins on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: A comparison of various antigen retrieval systems using microwave heating and proteolytic pre-treatments . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 43 : 429 – 437 .
  • Hogan , D. L. and Smith , G. H. 1982 . Unconventional application of standard light and electron immunocytochemical analysis to aldehyde-fixed, araldite-embedded tissues . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 30 : 1301 – 1306 .
  • Holund , Clausen , P. P. and Clemmensen , I. 1981 . The influence of fixation and tissue preparation on the immunohistochemical demonstration of fibronectin in human tissue . Histochemistry , 72 : 291 – 299 .
  • Hopwood , D. , Coghill , G. , Ramsay , J. , Milne , G. and Kerr , M. 1984 . Microwave fixation: its potential for routine techniques, histochemistry, immunocytochemistry and electron microscopy . Histochemical Journal , 16 : 1171 – 1191 .
  • Huang , S-N. , Minassian , H. and More , J. D. 1976 . Application of immunofluorescent staining on paraffin sections improved by trypsin digestion . Laboratory Investigation , 35 : 383 – 390 .
  • Ichikawa , M. , Sasaki , K. and Ichikawa , A. 1989 . Lmmunocytochemical localisation of amylase in gerbil salivary gland acinar cells processed by rapid freezing and freeze-substitution fixation . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 37 : 185 – 194 .
  • Ichikawa , A. , Yasuda , Ichikawa , M. , Yamashita , S. , Also , S. and Shiozawa , M. 1987 . An application of cryofixation to immunocytochemistry . Acta Histochemica and Cytochemica , 20 : 601 – 609 .
  • Jacobsen , M. , Clausen , P. P. and Smidth , S. 1980 . The effect of fixation and trypsinization on the immunohistochemical demonstration of intracellular immunoglobulin in paraffin embedded material . Acta Parhologica, Microbiologica. et Immunologica Scandinavica. Section A, Pathology , 88 : 369 – 376 .
  • Janssen , P. J. , Brinkmann , A. O. , Boersma , W. J. and Van Der Kwast . 1994 . Immunohistochemical detection of the androgen receptor with monoclonal antibody F39.4 in routinely processed, paraffin-embedded human tissues after microwave pre-treatment . Journal of Hisrochemistry and Cytochemisrry , 42 : 1169 – 1175 .
  • Jucker , M. , Bialobok , P. , Hagg , T. and Ingram , D. K. 1992 . Laminin immunohistochemistry in brain is dependent on method of tissue fixation . Brain Research , 586 : 166 – 170 .
  • Judd , M. A. and Britten , K. J.M. 1982 . Tissue preparation for the demonstration of surface antigens by immunoperoxidase techniques . Histochemical Journal , 14 : 747 – 753 .
  • Kashgarian , M. 1988 . Identification of molecules in the kidney utilizing immunocytochemistry . Journal of Elecrron Microscopy Technique , 9 : 265 – 281 .
  • Kawasaki , Y. , Monden , T. , Morimoto , H. , Murotani , M. , Miyoshi , Y. , Kobayashi , T. , Shimano , T. and Mori , T. 1992 . Immunohistochemical study of p53 expression in microwave-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections of colorectal carcinoma and adenoma . Anatomic Pathology , 97 : 244 – 249 .
  • Kellenberger , E. , Dürrenberger , M. , Villiger , W. , Carlemalm , E. and Wurrz , M. 1987 . The efficiency of immunolabel on Lowicryl sections compared to theoretical predictions . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 35 : 959 – 969 .
  • King , J. C. , Lechan , R. M. , Kugel , G. and Anthony , E. L.P. 1983 . Acrolein: a fixative for immunocytochemical localization of peptides in the central nervous system . Journal of Histochemistry ond Cytochemistry , 31 : 62 – 68 .
  • Kirkpatrick , P. and D'Ardenne , A. J. 1984 . Effects of fixation and enzymatic digestion on the immunohistochemical demonstration of laminin and fibronectin in paraffin embedded tissue . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 37 : 639 – 644 .
  • Kishimoto , S. , Polak , J. M. , Buchan , A. M.J. , Verhofstad , A. A.J. , Steinbusch , H. W.M. , Yanaihara , N. , Bloom , S. R. and Pearse , A. G.E. 1981 . Motilin cells investigated by the use of region-specific antisera . Virchows Archiv B, Cell Pathology , 36 : 207 – 218 .
  • Kok , L. P. and Boon , M. E. 1995 . Ultrarapid vacuumicrowave histoprocessing . Histochemical Journal , 27 : 411 – 419 .
  • Kok , L. P. , Visser , P. E. and Boon , M. E. 1988 . Histoprocessing with the microwave oven: an update . Histochemical Journal , 20 : 323 – 328 .
  • Kozlowski , G. P. and Nilaver , G. 1983 . “ Immunoelectron microscopy of neuropeptides—theoretical and technical considerations. ” . In Current methods in cellular neurobiology Edited by: Barker , J. L. and McKelvy , J. F. 134 – 174 . New York : J. Wiley & Sons Inc. . Vol. I, Anatomical techniques
  • Kuhlmann , W. D. and Krischan , R. 1981 . Resin embedment of organs and postembedment localization of antigens by immunoperoxidase methods . Histochemistry , 72 : 377 – 389 .
  • Kuhlmann , W. D. and Peschke , P. 1982 . Advances in ultrastructural postembedment localization of antigens in Epon sections with peroxidase labelled antibodies . Histochemistry , 75 : 151 – 161 .
  • Kusakabe , M. , Sakakura , T. , Nishizuka , Y. , Sano , M. and Matsukage , A. 1984 . Polyester wax embedding and sectioning technique for immunohistochemistry . Stain Technology , 59 : 127 – 132 .
  • Landis , D. M.D. 1985 . Promise and pitfalls in immunocytochemistry . Trends in Neurosciences , 8 : 312 – 317 .
  • Lane , B. P. and Europa , D. L. 1965 . Differential staining of ultrathin sections of epon-embedded tissues for light microscopy . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 13 : 579 – 582 .
  • Larsson , L-I. 1977 . Ultrastructural localization of a new neuronal peptide (Vip) . Histochemistry , 54 : 173 176
  • Larsson , L-I. 1988 . Immunocytochemistry: theory and practice Boca Raton , Florida : Crc Press .
  • Larsson , L-I. and Hougaard , D. M. 1993 . Non-radioactive in situ rna hybridization using synthetic oligonucleotides: principles, combination with immunocytochemistry and quantitation . Neuroscience Protocols , 20 : 1 – 18 .
  • Leenen , P. J.M. , Jansen , A. M.A.C. and Van Ewuk , W. 1985 . “ Fixation parameters for immunocytochemistry: the effect of glutaraldehyde or paraformaldehyde fixation on the preservation of mononuclear phagocyte differentiation antigens. ” . In Techniques in immunocytochemistry Edited by: Bullock , G. R. and Petrusz , P. Vol. 3 , 1 – 24 . London and New York : Academic Press .
  • Lemanski , L. F. , Paulson , D. J. , Hill , C. S. , Davis , L. A. , Riles , L. C. and Lim , S-S. 1985 . Immunoelectron microscopic localisation of (α-actinin on Lowicryl-embedded thin sections . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 33 : 515 – 522 .
  • Leong , A. S-Y. 1989 . Of Antigens and fixatives . Journal of Histotechnology , 12 : 7 – 9 .
  • Leong , A. S-Y. , Daymon , M. E. and Milios , J. 1985 . Microwave irradiation as a form of fixation for light and electron microscopy . Journal of Pathology , 146 : 313 – 321 .
  • Login , G. R. and Dvorak , A. M. 1988 . Microwave fixation provides excellent preservation of tissue, cells and antigens for light and electron microscopy . Histochemical Journal , 20 : 373 – 387 .
  • Login , G. R. , Schnitt , S. J. and Dvorak , A. M. 1987 . Rapid microwave fixation of human tissues for light microscopic immunoperoxidase identification of diagnostically useful antigens . Laboratory Invesfigation , 57 : 585 – 591 .
  • Login , G. R. , Schnitt , S. J. and Dvorak , A. M. 1991 . Microwave fixation provides rapid, primary fixation for light and electron microscopy and for immunohistochemistry and immunocytochemistry . European Journal of Morphology , 29 : 206 – 210 .
  • Martin , R. , Schäfer , M. and Voigt , K. H. 1982 . Enzymatic cleavage prior to antibody incubation as a method for neuropeptide immunocytochemistry . Histochemistry , 74 : 457 – 467 .
  • Matthews , J. B. 1981 . Influence of clearing agent on immunohistochemical staining of paraffin embedded tissue . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 34 : 103 – 105 .
  • Mayor , H. D. , Hampton , J. C. and Rosario . 1961 . A simple method for removing the resin from epoxy-embedded tissue . Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology , 9 : 909 – 910 .
  • Mclean , LW. and Nakane , P. K. 1974 . Periodate-lysine-paraformaldehyde fixative. A new fixative for immunoelectron microscopy . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 22 : 1077 – 1083 .
  • Mepham , B. L. 1982 . Influence of fixatives on the immunoreactivity of paraffin sections . Histochemical Journal , 14 : 731 – 737 .
  • Mepham , B. L. , Frater , W. and Mitchell , B. S. 1979 . The use of proteolytic enzymes to improve immunoglobulin staining by the Pap technique . Histochemical Journal , 11 : 345 – 357 .
  • Mitchell , D. , Ibrahim , S. and Gusterson , B. A. 1985 . Improved immunohistochemical localisation of tissue antigens using modified methacam fixation . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 33 : 491 – 495 .
  • Moran , M. M. , Siegel , R. J. , Said , J. W. and Fishbem , M. C. 1985 . Demonstration of myoglobin and CK-M in myocardium . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 33 : 1110 – 1115 .
  • Moran , R. A. , Nelson , F. , Jagirdar , J. and Paronetto , F. 1988 . Application of microwave irradiation to immunohistochemistry: preservation of antigens of the extracellular matrix . Stain Technology , 63 : 263 – 269 .
  • Morgan , J. M. , Navabi , H. , Schmid , K. W. and Jasani . 1994 . Possible role of tissue-bound calcium ions in citrate-mediated high-temperature antigen retrieval . Journal of Pathology , 174 : 301 – 307 .
  • Mount , S. L. , Taatjes , D. J. , Von Turkovich , M. , Tindle , B. H. and Trainer , T. D. 1993 . Diagnostic immunoelectron microscopy in surgical pathology: assessment of various tissue fixation and processing protocols . Ultrastructural Pathology , 17 : 547 – 556 .
  • Murphy , P. , Beardsley , A. M. , Furness , J. B. , Costa , M. and Oliver , J. R. 1982 . Effects of fixation for immunohistochemistry on tissue concentrations of substance P and somatostatin determined by radioimmunoassay . Regularory Peptides , 4 : 67 – 74 .
  • Naganuma , H. , Ohtani , H. , Harada , N. and Nagura , H. 1990 . Immunoelectron microscopic localization of aromatase in human placenta and ovary using microwave fixation . Journal of Histochemisrry and Cytochemistry , 38 : 1427 – 1432 .
  • Newman , G. R. , Jasani and Williams , E. D. 1982 . The preservation of ultrastructure and antigenicity . Journal of Microscopy , 127 RP5-RP6
  • Ohtani , H. 1991 . Microwave-stimulated fixation for preembedding immunoelectron microscopy . European Journal of Morphology , 29 : 64 – 67 .
  • Panula , P. , Häppölä , O. , Airaksinen , M. S. , Auvinen , S. and Virkamaki , A. 1988 . Carbodiimide as a tissue fixative in histamine immunohistochemistry and its application in developmental neurobiology . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 36 : 259 – 269 .
  • Pearse , A. G.E. 1980 . Histochemistry: theoretical and applied. Vol. l, Preparative and optical technology Edinburgh, London : Churchill Livingstone .
  • Pearse , A. G.E. and Polak , J. M. 1975 . Bifunctional reagents as vapour- and liquid-phase fixatives for immunohistochemistry . Histochemical Journal , 7 : 179 – 186 .
  • Pearse , A. G.E. , Polak , J. M. , Adams and Kendall , P. A. 1974 . Diethylpyrocarbonate, a vapour-phase fixative for immunofluorescence studies on polypeptide hormones . Histochemical Journal , 6 : 347 – 352 .
  • Pekki , A. and Tuohimaa , P. 1989 . New freeze-dry and vapour fixation method for immunohistochemistry of soluble proteins: subcellular location of the progesterone receptor . Journal of Histochemistry and Cyrochemistry , 37 : 1207 – 1213 .
  • Pelletier , G. , Puviani , R. , Bosler , 0. and Descarries , L. 1981 . Immunocytochemical detection of peptides in osmicated and plastic-embedded tissue . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 29 : 759 – 764 .
  • Penault-Liorca , F. , Adelaïde , J. , Houvenaeghel , G. , Hassoun , J. , Birnbaum , D. and Jacquemier , J. 1994 . Optimization of immunohistochemical detection of Erbb2 in human breast cancer: impact of fixation . Journal of Pathology , 173 : 65 – 75 .
  • Polans , A. S. , Altman , L. G. and Papermaster , D. S. 1986 . Immunocytochemical binding of anti-opsin N-terminal-specific antibodies to the extracellular surface of rod outer segment plasma membranes. Fixation induces antibody binding . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 34 : 659 – 664 .
  • Puchtler , H. and Meloan , S. N. 1985 . On the chemistry of formaldehyde fixation and its effects on immunohistochemical reactions . Histochemistry , 82 : 201 – 204 .
  • Ravazzola , M. and Orci , L. 1980 . Transformation of glicentin-containing L-cells into glucagon-containing cells by enzymatic digestion . Diabetes , 29 : 156 – 158 .
  • Rawdon , B. B. and Andrew , A. 1981 . An immunocytochemical survey of endocrine cells in the gastrointestinal tract of chicks at hatching . Cell and Tissue Research , 220 : 279 – 292 .
  • Rawdon , B. B. and Dockray , G. J. 1982 . Effects of conditioned ia on extension of substance P-immunoreactive neurites from cultured mouse sensory ganglia . Neuroscience Letters , 34 : 159 – 164 .
  • Rawdon , B. B. , Kramer and Andrew , A. 1984 . The distribution of endocrine cell progenitors in the gut of chick embryos . Journal of Embryology and Experimental Morphology , 82 : 131 – 145 .
  • Resnick , J. M. , Cherwitz , D. , Knapp , D. , Uhlman , D. and Niehans , G. A. 1995 . A microwave method that enhances detection of aberrant p53 expression in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues . Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine , 119 : 360 – 366 .
  • Rey , M. E.C. 1984 . Immunofluorescence and protein A-gold techniques in localization of plant pathogen antigens in Lowicryl K4M embedded tissue . Journal of Microscopy , 136 : 373 – 381 .
  • Riederer , B. M. , Porchet , R. , Marugg , R. A. and Binder , L. I. 1993 . Solubility of cytoskeletal proteins in immunohistochemistry and the influence of fixation . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemisfry , 41 : 609 – 616 .
  • Robinson , G. and Dawson , I. M.P. 1979 . A formalin fixative for immunochemical and ultrastructural studies on gastrointestinal endocrine cells . Journal of Clinical Pathology , 32 : 40 – 45 .
  • Rodning , C. B. , Erlandsen , S. L. , Coulter and Wilson , I. D. 1980 . Immunohistochemical localisation of Ig Aantigens in sections embedded in epoxy resin . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 28 : 199 – 205 .
  • Roth , J. , Bendayan , M. , Carlemalm , E. , Villiger , W. and Garavito . 1981 . Enhancement of structural preservation and immunocytochemical staining in low temperature embedded pancreatic tissue . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 29 : 663 – 671 .
  • Sainte-Mare , G. 1962 . A paraffin embedding technique for studies employing immunofluorescence . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 10 : 250 – 256 .
  • Sakanaka , M. , Shibasaki , T. and Lederis . 1987 . Improved fixation and cobalt-glucose oxidase-diaminobenzidine intensification for immunohistochemical demonstration of corticotropin-releasing factor in rat brain . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 35 : 207 – 212 .
  • Schipper , J. and Tilders , F. J.H. 1983 . A new technique for studying specificity of immunocytochemical procedures: specificity of serotonin immunostaining . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 31 : 12 – 19 .
  • Schultzberg , M. , Ebendal , T. , Hökfelt , T. , Nilsson , G. and Pfenninger . 1978 . Substance P-like immunoreactivity in cultured spinal ganglia from chick embryos . Journal of Neurocytology , 7 : 107 – 117 .
  • Shi , S-R. , Key , M. E. and Kalra , K. L. 1991 . Antigen retrieval in formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded tissues: an enhancement method for immunohistochemical staining based on microwave oven heating of tissue sections . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 39 : 741 – 748 .
  • Slot , J. W. and Geuze , H. J. 1982 . Ultracryotomy of polyacrylamide embedded tissue for immuno electron microscopy . Biology of the Cell , 44 : 325 – 328 .
  • Smart , Y. and Millard , P. R. 1985 . Different fixative-resin combinations and the immunocytochemical demonstration of immunoglobulins (kappa light chains) in semi-thin sections . Histochemical Journal , 17 : 1337 – 1345 .
  • Smid , H. M. , Schooneveld , H. and Meerloo , T. 1990 . Microwave fixation of water-cooled insect tissues for immunohistochemistry . Histochemical Journal , 22 : 313 – 320 .
  • Smith , P. F. and Keefer , D. A. 1982 . Acrolein/glutaraldehyde as a fixative for combined light and electron microscopic immunocytochemical detection of pituitary hormones in immersion-fixed tissue . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 30 : 1307 – 1310 .
  • Smithson , K. G. , Macvicar , B. A. and Hutton , G. I. 1983 . Polyethylene glycol embedding: a technique compatible with immunocytochemistry, enzyme histochemistry, histofluorescence and intracellular staining . Journal of Neuroscience Methods , 7 : 27 – 41 .
  • Soinila , S. , Mpitsos , G. J. and Soinila , J. 1992 . Immunohistochemistry of enkephalins: model studies on hapten-carrier conjugates and fixation methods . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 40 : 231 – 239 .
  • Somogyi , P. and Takagi , H. 1982 . A note on the use of picric acid-paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative for correlated light and electron microscopic immunocytochemistry . Neuroscience , : 1779 – 1783 . 7
  • Stefanini , M. , De Martino and Zamboni , L. 1967 . Fixation of ejaculated spermatozoa for electron microscopy . Nature , 216: : 173 – 174 .
  • Sternberger , L. A. 1982 . Transition of immunocytochemistry from an anatomical to a biochemical science: evolution of the concept of neurotypy . Neuroscience , 7 : 2937 – 2947 .
  • Stevens , A. 1982 . “ Resin embedding media. ” . In Theory and practice of histological techniques Edited by: Bancroft , J. D. and Stevens , A. 458 – 466 . Edinburgh : Churchill Livingstone .
  • Takamiya , H. , Batsford , S. R. , Tokunaga , J. and Vogt , A. 1979 . Immunohistological staining of antigens on semithin sections of specimens embedded in plastic (Gma-Quetol 523) . Journal of Immunological Methods , 30 : 277 – 288 .
  • Tokuyasu , K. T. 1980 . Immunochemistry on ultrathin frozen sections . Histochemical Journal , 12 : 381 – 403 .
  • Tokuyasu , K. T. 1983 . Present state of immunocryoultramicrotomy . Journal of Historhemistry and Cytochemistry , 31 : 164 – 167 .
  • Usuda , N. , Ma , H. , Hanai , T. , Yokota , S. , Hashimoto , T. and Nagata , T. 1990 . Immunoelectron microscopy of tissues processed by rapid freezing and freeze-substitution fixation without chemical fixatives: application to catalase in rat liver hepatocytes . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 38 : 617 – 623 .
  • Van Ewuk , W. , Coffman , R. C. and Weissman , I. L. 1980 . Immunoelectron microscopy of cell surface antigens: a quantitative analysis of antibody binding after different fixation protocols . Histochemical Journal , 12 : 349 – 361 .
  • Van Ewuk , W. , Van Soest , P. L. , Verkerk , A. and Jongkind , J. F. 1984 . Loss of antibody binding to prefixed cells: fixation parameters for immunocytochemistry . Histochemical Journal , 16 : 179 – 193 .
  • Van Pelt-Verkuil , E. 1995 . Detection of labile and low concentration of antigens in semi-thin resin sections . UK Neqas Immunocytochemistry Newsletter , 5 : 10 – 16 .
  • Varndell , I. M. , Dudek , R. W. and Polak , J. M. 1984 . Freeze drying for electron immunocytochemistry . Journal of Pathology , 142 : A1
  • Von Boguslawsky . 1994 . Immunohistochemical detection of progesterone receptors in paraftin sections . Apmis (Copenhagen) , 102 : 641 – 646 .
  • Wells , B. 1985 . Low temperature box and tissue handling device for embedding biological tissue for immunostaining in electron microscopy . Micron and Microscopica Acta , 16 : 49 – 53 .
  • Willingham , M. C. 1983 . An alternative fixation-processing method for preembedding ultrastructural immunocytochemistty of cytoplasmic antigens: The Gbs (glutaraldehyde-borohydride-saponin) procedure . Journol of Hisrochemistry and Cytochemistry , 31 : 791 – 798 .
  • Willingham , M. C. and Yamada , S. S. 1979 . Development of a new primary fixative for electron microscopic immunocytochemical localization of intracellular antigens in cultured cells . Journal of Histochemistry and Cytochemistry , 27 : 947 – 960 .
  • Wilson , D. F. , Jiang , D-J. , Pierce , A. M. and Wiebkin , O. W. 1996 . Antigen retrieval for electron microscopy using a microwave technique for epithelial and basal lamina antigens . Appried Immunohistochemistry , 4 : 66 – 71 .
  • Wolf , E. , Röser , K. , Hahn , M. , Welkerling , H. and Delling , G. 1992 . Enzyme and immunohistochemistry on undecalcified bone and bone marrow biopsies after embedding in plastic: a new embedding method for routine application . Virchows Archiv A, Pathological Anatomy and Histopathology , 420 : 17 – 24 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.