PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATIONS OF SHARK PREDATION ON CAPE FUR SEALS ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS PUSILLUS FROM THE EASTERN CAPE COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA

REFERENCES

• Ainley , D. G. , Strong , C. S. , Huber , H. R. , Lewis , T. J. and Morrell , S. H. 1981 . Predation by sharks on pinnipeds at the Farallon Islands . Fishery Bulletin , 78 ( 4 ) : 941 – 945 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ainley , D. G. , Henderson , R. P. , Huber , H. R. , Boekelheide , R. J. , Allen , S. G. and Mcelroy , T. L. 1985 . Dynamics of white shark/pinniped interactions in the Gulf of the Farallones . Memoirs of the Southern Californian Academy of Sciences , 9 : 109 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Alcorn , D. J. 1984 . The Hawaiian monk seal on Laysan Island: 1982 U.S. Department of Commerce, NOAA Technical Memorandum NMFS, NOAA-TM-NMFS-SWFC-42. 1–37
   Google Scholar
• Alcorn , D. J. and Kam , A. K. H. 1986 . Fatal shark attack on a Hawaiian monk seal (Monachus schauinslandi) . Marine Mammal Science , 2 ( 4 ) : 313 – 315 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anonymous . 1991 . Report on the Benguela Ecology workshop on seal-fishery biological interactions . Report on the Benguela Ecology Program, South Africa , 22 : 665
   Google Scholar
• Boulva , J. and McLaren , I. A. 1979 . Biology of the harbour seal, Phoca vitulina, in eastern Canada . Bulletin Fisheries Research Board of Canada , 200 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Brodie , P. and Beck , B. 1983 . Predation by sharks on the grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) in eastern Canada . Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences , 40 : 267 – 271 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterworth , D. S. and Wickens , P. A. 1990 . Annex 2 33 – 57 . Modelling the dynamics of the South African fur seal population. In Report of the subcommittee of the Sea Fisheries Advisory committee appointed by the minister of Environmental Affairs and of Water Affairs. Cape Town; Ministry of National Education and Environmental Affairs
   Google Scholar
• Cliff , G. , Dudley , S. F. J. and Davis , B. 1989 . Sharks caught in the protective gill nets off Natal, South Africa. 2. The white shark Carcharodon carcharias (Linnaeus) . South African Journal of Marine Science , 8 : 131 – 144 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cliff , G. , Dudley , S. F. J. and Jury , M. R. 1996 . “ Catches of white sharks in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and environmental influences. 351–362. In White sharks. The biology of ” . In Carcharodon carcharias Edited by: Klimley , A. P. and Ainley , D. G. San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Cockcroft , V. G. , Cliff , G. and Ross , G. J. B. 1989 . Shark predation on Indian Ocean bottlenose dolphins Tursiops truncatus off Natal, South Africa . South African Journal of Zoology , 24 ( 4 ) : 305 – 310 .
   Google Scholar
• Compagno , L. J. V. 1984 . F.A.O. species catalogue. 4. Sharks of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of shark species known to date. (2) Carcharhiniformes . Food and Agricultural Organization of the United Nations Fisheries Synopsis , 125 : 250 – 655 .
   Google Scholar
• David , J. H. M. 1987 . “ South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). ” . In Status, biology and ecology of fur seals. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Technical Report , National Marine Fisheries Service Edited by: Croxal , J. P. and Gentry , R. L. Vol. 51 , 65 – 71 .
   Google Scholar
• Ebert , D. A. 1991a . Observations on the predatory behaviour of the sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus. In . South African Journal of Marine Science , 11 : 455 – 465 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert , D. A. 1991b . Diet of the sevengill shark Notorynchus cepedianus in the temperate coastal waters of southern Africa . South African Journal of Marine Science , 11 : 565 – 572 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebert , D. A. 1994 . Diet of the sixgill shark Hexanchus griseus off southern Africa . South African Journal of Marine Science , 14 : 213 – 218 .
   Google Scholar
• Ferreira , C. A. and Ferreira , T. P. 1996 . “ Population dynamics of white sharks in South Africa. 381–391. In White sharks. The biology of ” . In Carcharodon carcharias Edited by: Klimley , A. P. and Ainley , D. G. San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Gilmartin , W. G. 1983 . Recovery plan for the Hawaiian monk seal, Monachus schauinslandi. National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration, National Marine Fisheries Service, Southwest Region, Honolulu, Hawaii
   Google Scholar
• Hiruki , L. M. , Gilmartin , W. G. , Becker , B. L. and Stirling , I. 1993 . Wounding in Hawaiian monk seals (Monachus schauinslandi) . Canadian Journal of Zoology , 71 : 458 – 468 .
   Google Scholar
• Johnson , B. W. and Johnson , P. A. 1981 . The Hawaiian monk seal on Laysan Island: 1978 PB-82-109661, U.S. Department of Commerce, National Technical Service, Springfield, Va
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon , K. W. 1980 . No man is benign: The endangered monk seal . Oceans , : 43 – 54 . May
   Google Scholar
• Kenyon , K. W. 1981 . “ Monk seals. In ” . In Handbook of Marine Mammals: Edited by: Ridgeway , S. H. and Harrison , R. J. Vol. 2 , London : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Klimley , A. P. , Anderson , S. D. , Pyle , P. and Henderson , R. P. 1992 . Spatiotemporal patterns of white shark (Carcharodon carcharias) predation at the South Farallon Islands, California . Copeia , 3 : 680 – 690 .
   Google Scholar
• Klimley , A. P. , Pyle , P. and Anderson , S. D. 1996 . “ The behaviour of white sharks and their pinniped prey during predatory attacks. 175–191. In White sharks. The biology of ” . In Carcharodon carcharias Edited by: Klimley , A. P. and Ainley , D. G. San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Le Boeuf , B. J. , Riedman , M. and Keyes , R. S. 1982 . White shark predation on pinnipeds in California coastal waters . Fishery Bulletin , 80 ( 4 ) : 891 – 895 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Boeuf , B. J. and Crocker , D. E. 1996 . “ Diving behaviour of the elephant seals: implications for predator avoidance. 193–205 ” . In White sharks. The biology of Carcharodon carcharias Edited by: Klimley , A. P. and Ainley , D. G. San Diego : Academic Press . In;
   Google Scholar
• Long , D. J. , Hanni , K. D. , Pyle , P. , Roletto , J. , Jones , R. E. and Bandar , R. 1996 . “ White shark predation on four pinniped species in central California waters: geographic and temporal patterns inferred from wounded carcasses. 263–274. In White sharks. The biology of ” . In Carcharodon carcharias Edited by: Klimley , A. P. and Ainley , D. G. San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• Long , D. J. and Jones , R. E. 1996 . “ White shark predation and scavenging on cetaceans in the eastern North Pacific Ocean. 293–307. In White sharks. The biology of ” . In Carcharodon carcharias Edited by: Klimley , A. P. and Ainley , D. G. San Diego : Academic Press .
   Google Scholar
• McCosker , J. E. 1985 . White shark attack behaviour: observations of and speculations about predator and prey strategies . Memoirs of the southern Californian Academy of Sciences , 9 : 123 – 135 .
   Google Scholar
• Rand , R. W. 1956 . The Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus (Schreber). Its general characteristics and moult. Union of South Africa. Department of Commerce and Industries. Division of Sea Fisheries. . Investigational Report No. , 21 : 1 – 52 .
   Google Scholar
• Randall , B. M. , Randall , R. M. and Compagno , L. J. V. 1988 . Injuries to jackass penguin (Spheniscus demersus): Evidence of shark involvement . Journal of Zoology , 213 : 589 – 599 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross , G. J. B. 1984 . The smaller cetaceans of the south east coast of Southern Africa . Annals of the Cape Provincial Museums (Natural History) , 15 ( 2 ) : 1 – 410 .
   Google Scholar
• Tricas , T. C. and McCosker , J. E. 1984 . Predatory behaviour of the white shark (Carcharodon carcharias), with notes on its biology . Proceedings of the California Academy of Sciences , 43 ( 14 ) : 221 – 238 .
   Google Scholar
• Tricas , T. C. 1985 . Feeding ethology of the white shark . Carcharodon carcharias. Memoirs of the Southern Californian Academy of Sciences , 9 : 81 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Westlake , R. L. and Gilmartin , W. G. 1990 . Hawaiian monk seal pupping locations in the northwestern Hawaiian Islands . Pacific Science , 44 ( 4 ) : 366 – 383 .
   Google Scholar
• Wirtz , W. O. 1968 . Reproduction, growth and development, and juvenile mortality in the Hawiian monk seal . Journal of Mammalogy , 49 : 229 – 238 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar