CONCENTRATIONS OF HEAVY METALS (Cd, Cu, Pb, Ni & Zn) AND ORGANOCHLORINE CONTAMINANTS (PCBs, DDT, DDE & DDD) IN THE BLUBBER OF CAPE FUR SEALS ARCTOCEPHALUS PUSILLUS PUSILLUS OFF THE EASTERN CAPE COAST OF SOUTH AFRICA

REFERENCES

• Bergman , A. and Olsson , M. 1986 . Pathology of Baltic grey seal and ringed seal females with special reference to adrenocortical hyperplasia: Is environmental pollution the cause of a widely distributed disease syndrome? . Finnish Game Research , 44 : 47 – 62 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergman , A. and Olsson , M. 1989 . “ Pathology of Baltic grey and ringed seal males. Report regarding animals sampled, 1977–1985. In ” . In Influence of human activities on the Baltic Ecosystem , Proceedings of the Soviet-Swedish Symposium, Moscow, USSR, 14–18 April, 1986 Edited by: Yablokov , A. and Olsson , M. 74 – 86 .
   Google Scholar
• Bergman , A. , Olsson , M. and Reiland , S. 1986 . High frequency of skeletal deformities in skulls of the Baltic grey seal 1 – 7 . Committee Meeting. International Council for the Exploration of the Sea, ICES doc. C.M. 1986/N15
   Google Scholar
• Bergman , A. , Olsson , M. and Reiland , S. 1992 . Skull-bone lesions in the Baltic grey seal (Halichoerus grypus) . Ambio , 21 ( 8 ) : 517 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon , J. P. , Oostingh , I. , Vanderme , J. and Hillebrand , M. T. J. 1994 . A model for bioaccumulation of chlorobiphenyl congeners in marine mammals . European Journal of Pharmacology. Environment Toxicology and Pharmacology section , 270 : 237 – 251 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butterworth , D. S. and Wickens , P. A. 1990 . Annex 2 33 – 57 . Modelling the dynamics of the South African fur seal population. In Report of the Subcommittee of the Sea Fisheries Advisory committee appointed by the minister of Environmental Affairs and of Water Affairs. Cape Town: Ministry of National Education and Environmental Affairs
   Google Scholar
• Cockcroft , V. G. and Ross , G. J. B. 1991 . “ Occurrence of organochlorines in stranded cetaceans and seals from the east coast of southern Africa. In ” . In Cetaceans and cetacean research in the Indian Ocean Sanctuary , Marine Mammal Technical Report No. 3. Edited by: Leatherwood , S. and Donovan , G. P. 272 – 276 . Nairobi, , Kenya : United Nations Environmental Programme .
   Google Scholar
• Committee on Marine Mammals, American Society of Mammalogists . 1967 . Standard measurements of seals . Journal of Mammalogy , 48 ( 3 ) : 459 – 462 .
   Google Scholar
• David , J. H. M. 1987 . Diet of the South African fur seal (1974–1985) and assessment of competition with fisheries in southern Africa . South African Journal Marine Science , 5 : 693 – 713 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Kock , A. C. 1990 . Chlorinated hydrocarbons as chemical tracers of marine contaminants Thesis (Ph. D.), University of Port Elizabeth, South Africa: 210
   Google Scholar
• De Kock , A. C. , Best , P. B. , Cockcroft , V. and Bosma , C. 1994 . Persistent organochlorine residues in small cetaceans from the east and west coasts of southern Africa . Science of the Total Environment , 154 : 153 – 162 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLong , R. L. , Gilmartin , W. G. and Simpson , J. G. 1973 . Premature births of Californian sea lions: associated with high organochlorine pollutant residue levels . Science , 181 : 1168 – 1169 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duinker , J. C. , Hillebrand , M. T. J. and Nolying , R. F. 1979 . Organochlorines and metals in harbour seals (Dutch Wadden Sea) . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 10 : 360 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Drescher , H. E. , Harms , U. and Huschenbeth , E. 1977 . Organochlorines and heavy metals in the harbour seal Phoca vitulina from the German North Sea Coast . Marine Biology , 44 : 99 – 106 .
   Google Scholar
• Eisler , R. 1981 . Trace metal concentrations in marine organisms 651 – 682 . New York : Pergamon Press .
   Google Scholar
• EPC . 1998 . Sea disposal of sewage: Environmental surveys in the Durban outfalls region Report No. 16. Surveys made in 1997. CSIR Report ENV/ECP/EXT-98: JET05. Durban, South Africa, March 1998: 183
   Google Scholar
• Gardner , B. D. , Connell , A. D. , Eagle , G. A. , Moldan , A. G. S. and Watling , R. J. 1985 . South African Marine Pollution Survey Report 1979–1982 South African National Science Programme Report No. 115: 77
   Google Scholar
• Gerpe , M. , Moreno , V. , Perez , A. , Bastida , R. , Rodriguez , D. and Marcovecchio , J. 1990 . “ Environmental Contamination ” . In Trace metals in the South American fur seal, Arctocephalus australis (Zimmerman, 1783) Edited by: Barcelo , J. 591 – 594 . Edinburgh, , UK : CEP Consultants Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Goldblatt , C. J. and Anthony , R. G. 1983 . Heavy metals in northern fur seals (Callorhinus ursinus) from the Pribilof Islands, Alaska . Journal of Environmental Quality , 12 : 478 – 482 .
   Google Scholar
• Hamanaka , T. and Mishima , S. 1981 . Cd and Zn concentrations in marine organisms in marine organisms in the Northern North Pacific Ocean (Special Vol.) 191 – 206 . Japan : Research Institute. North Pacific Fisheries, Hokkaido University .
   Google Scholar
• Hamanaka , T. , Itoo , T. and Mishima , S. 1982 . Age-related change and distribution of cadmium and zinc concentrations in the Steller sea lion, Eumetopias jubatus from the coast of Hokkaido, Japan . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 13 : 57 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Helle , E. 1981 . “ Reproductive trends and occurrence of organochlorines and heavy metals in the Baltic seal populations. ” . In International Council for the Exploration of the Sea 13 ICES doc. C. M. . 1981/E37
   Google Scholar
• Helle , E. , Olsson , M. and Jensen , S. 1976 . PCB levels correlated with pathological changes in seal uteri . Ambio , 5 ( 5 ) : 261 – 263 .
   Google Scholar
• Henry , J. L. (Unpublished report). Pesticide residues in the Cape fur seal 13 Cape Town : Department of Industries, Sea Fisheries Branch .
   Google Scholar
• Holden , A. V. 1972 . “ Monitoring organochlorine contamination of the marine environment by the analysis of residues in seals. In ” . In Marine pollution and sea life Edited by: Ruivo , M. 266 – 272 . West Byfleet, , UK : Fishing News Book Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Holden , A. V. 1978 . Pollutants and seals—a review . Mammal Review , 8 ( 1, 2 ) : 53 – 66 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honda , K. and Tatsukawa , R. 1983 . Distribution of cadmium and zinc in tissues and organs, and their age-related changes in striped dolphins . Stenella coeruleoalba. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 12 : 543 – 50 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johansen , P. , Kapel , F. O. and Kraul , I. 1980 . “ Heavy metals and organochlorines in marine mammals from Greenland. ” . In International Council for the Exploration of the Sea ICES doc. C. M. 1980/E: 32
   Google Scholar
• Kemper , C. , Gibbs , P. , Obendorf , D. , Marvanek , S. and Lenghaus , C. 1994 . A review of heavy metal and organochlorine levels in marine mammals in Australia . Science of the Total Environment , 154 : 129 – 139 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Law , R. J. 1996 . “ Metals in marine mammals. In ” . In Environmental contaminants in wildlife: interpreting tissue concentrations Edited by: Beyer , W. N. , Heinz , G. H. and Redmon-Norwood , A. W. 357 – 376 . Boca Raton, Fla : Lewis Publisher .
   Google Scholar
• Lipinski , M. R. and David , J. H. M. 1990 . Cephalopods in the diet of the South African fur seal (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus) . Journal Zoology (Lond.) , 221 : 359 – 374 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malcolm , H. , Boyd , I. L. , Osborn , D. , French , M. C. and Freestone , P. 1994 . Trace metals in Antarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus gazella) livers from Bird Island, South Georgia . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 28 : 375 – 380 .
   Google Scholar
• McClurg , T. P. 1984 . Trace metals and chlorinated hydrocarbons in Ross seals from Antarctica . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 15 : 384 – 389 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris , R. J. , Law , R. J. , Allchin , C. R. , Kelly , C. A. and Fileman , C. F. 1989 . Metals and organochlorines in dolphins and porpoises of Cardigan Bay, West Wales . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 20 ( 10 ) : 512 – 523 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• NHMRC/ARMCANZ . 1996 . The Australian drinking water guidelines. National Health and Medical Research Council/Agriculture and Resource Management Council of Australia and New Zealand
   Google Scholar
• Olsson , M. 1978 . PCB and reproduction among Baltic seals. Proceedings from the symposium of the conservation of Baltic seals in Haikko, Finland, April 26–28, 1977 . Finnish Game Research , 37 : 40 – 45 .
   Google Scholar
• Olsson , M. , Karlsson , B. and Ahnland , E. 1992 . Diseases and environmental contaminants in seals from the Baltic and the Swedish west coast . Science of the Total Environment , 154 : 217 – 227 .
   Google Scholar
• Olsson , M. , Karlsson , B. and Ahnland , E. 1994 . Seals and seal protection: summary and comments . Ambio , 21 ( 8 ) : 606
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oosthuizen , W. H. 1997 . Evaluation of an effective method to estimate age of Cape fur seals using ground tooth sections . Marine Mammal Science , 13 ( 4 ) : 683 – 693 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pena , N. I. , Moreno , V. J. , Marcovecchio , J. E. and Perez , A. 1988 . “ Metals in coastal environments of Latin America ” . In Total mercury, cadmium and lead distribution in tissues of the southern sea lion (Otaria flavescens) in the ecosystem of Mar del Plata Edited by: Seelinger , U. , de Lacerda , L. D. and Patchineelam , S. R. 140 – 146 . Berlin : Springer .
   Google Scholar
• Reijnders , P. J. H. 1980 . Organochlorine and heavy metal residues in harbour seals from the Wadden Sea and their possible effects on reproduction . Netherlands Journal of Sea Research , 14 : 30 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Reijnders , P. J. H. 1982 . On the ecology of the harbour seal Phoca vitulina in the Wadden Sea: Population dynamics, residue levels and management . Veterinary Quarterly , 4 : 36 – 42 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reudners , P. J. H. 1986 . Reproductive failure in common seals feeding on fish from polluted coastal waters . Nature (Lond.) , 324 : 456 – 457 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Risebrough , R. W. 1978 . Pollutants in marine mammals—a literature review and recommendations for research . United States Department of Commerce NTIS Series , No. PB 290728: 70
   Google Scholar
• Roberts , T. M. , Heppleston , P. B. and Roberts , R. D. 1976 . Distribution of heavy metals in tissues of the common seal . Marine Pollution Bulletin , 7 : 194 – 196 .
   Google Scholar
• Ronald , K. , Frank , R. J. and Dougan , J. 1984 . Pollutants in harp seals (Pagophilus groenlandicus). II Heavy metals and selenium . Science of the Total Environment , 38 : 153 – 166 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ross , P. S. , De Swart , R. L. , Timmerman , H. H. , Reijnders , P. J. H. , Vos , J. G. , van Loveren , H. and Osterhaus , A. D.M.E. 1997 . Suppression of natural killer cell activity in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) fed Baltic Sea herring . Aquatic Toxicology , 34 : 71 – 84 .
   Google Scholar
• Shaughnessy , P. D. and Best , P. B. “ (unpublished report). The pupping season of the Cape fur seal ” . In Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus. Sea Fisheries Branch, South Africa 8
   Google Scholar
• Skoch , E. J. 1990 . “ Heavy metals in marine mammals: presence and analytical methods. In ” . In CRC Handbook of marine mammal medicine: health, disease, and rehabilitation Edited by: Dierauf , L. A. 127 – 137 . Boca Raton, Florida : CRC press .
   Google Scholar
• Stewardson , C. L. and Fourie , H. J. 1998 . Endoparasites of the Cape fur seal Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus from the Eastern Cape coast of South Africa . Transactions. Royal Society of South Africa , 53 ( 1 ) : 33 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storr-Hansen , E. , Sliid , H. and Boon , J. P. 1995 . Patterns of chlorinated biphenyl congeners in harbour seals (Phoca vitulina) and their food . Statistical Analysis. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology , 28 : 48 – 54 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson , D. R. 1990 . “ Metal levels in marine vertebrates. In ” . In Heavy metals in the marine environment Edited by: Furness , R. W. and Rainbow , P. S. 143 – 181 . Boca Raton, Florida : CRC press .
   Google Scholar
• Wagemann , R. and Muir , D. C. G. 1984 . Concentrations of heavy metals and organochlorides in marine mammals of Northern waters: Overview and evaluations Canadian Technical Report of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences No. 1279. pp 87
   Google Scholar
• Wagemann , R. , Stewart , R. E. A. , Lockhart , W. L. , Stewart , B. E. and Povoledo , M. 1988 . Trace metals and methyl mercury: associations and transfer in harp seals (Phoca groenlandica) mothers and their pups . Marine Mammal Science , 4 : 339 – 55 .
   Google Scholar
• Watling , R. J. 1981 . A manual of methods for use in the South African marine monitoring programme . South African National Scientific Programmes Report , : 71 – 78 . No. 44
   Google Scholar
• Wells , D. E. , Mckenzie , C. and Ross , H. M. 1997 . Patterns of organic contaminants in marine mammals with reference to sperm whale strandings . Biologie , 67 ( suppl ) : 91 – 103 .
   Google Scholar
• Wickens , P. A. 1993 . Life expectancy of fur seals, with special reference to the South African (Cape) fur seal . South African Journal of Wildlife Research , 23 ( 4 ) : 101 – 106 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar