Ancestors of Broom's pigs

REFERENCES

• Andrews , C.W. 1902 . Note on a Pliocene vertebrate fauna from the Wadi Natrun, Egypt . Geological Magazine : 291–295 , 9 : 432 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Arambourg , C. 1968 . Un Suidé fossile nouveau du Miocène supérieur de l'Afrique du Nord . Bulletin de la Société Géologique de France , 10 : 110 – 115 .
   Google Scholar
• Arribas , A. and Garrido , G. 2008 . A new wild boar belonging to the genus Potamochoerus (Suidae, Artiodactyla, Mammalia) from the Eurasian Late Upper Pliocene (Fonelas P-1, Cuenca de Guadix, Granada) . Cuadernos del Museo Geominero , 10 : 337 – 364 .
   Google Scholar
• Azzaroli , A. 1954 . Revisione della fauna dei terreni fluvio-lacustri del Valdarno Superiore, V. Filogenesi e biologia di Sus strozzii e di Sus minor . Palaeontographia italica 48 : 41 – 76 , 12 pls .
   Google Scholar
• Azzaroli , A. 1975 . Remarks on the Pliocene Suidae of Europe . Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde , 40 : 355 – 367 .
   Google Scholar
• Bate , D.M.A. 1934 . A fossil Wart Hog from Palestine . Annals and Magazine of Natural History Series 10 , 13 : 120 – 129 .
   Google Scholar
• Bate , D.M.A. 1937 . The Stone Age of Mount Carmel. Excavations at the Wady El-Mughara, vol. 1, part 2: Palaeontology: the fossil fauna of the Wady El-Mughara Caves , 137 – 240 . Oxford : The Clarendon Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bender , P.A. 1992 . A reconsideration of the fossil suid, Potamochoeroides shawi, from the Makapansgat Limeworks, Potgietersrus, Northern Transvaal . Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum Bloemfontein , 8 ( 1 ) : 1 – 66 .
   Google Scholar
• Berdondini , E. 1992 . Suids of the Early Villafranchian of Villafranca d'Asti and China . Rendiconti Lincei Scienze Fisiche e Naturali , 3 : 109 – 124 .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , L. 1999 . “ Suid paleoecology and habitat preference of African Pliocene and Pleistocene hominid localities ” . In African Biogeography, Climate Change and Human Evolution , Edited by: Bromage , T. and Schrenk , F. 216 – 225 . Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bishop , L. & Hill , A. 1999 . Fossil Suidae from the Baynunah Formation, Emirate of Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates . Yale University Press , pp. 254 – 270 .
   Google Scholar
• Broom , R. 1925 . On evidence of a giant pig from the late Tertiaries of South Africa . Records of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown , 3 : 307 – 308 .
   Google Scholar
• Broom , R. 1928 . On some new mammals from the Diamond Gravels of the Kimberley District . Annals of the South African Museum , 22 : 439 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Broom , R. 1931 . A new extinct giant pig from the diamond gravels of Windsorton, South Africa . Records of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown , 4 : 167 – 168 .
   Google Scholar
• Broom , R. 1948 . Some South African Pliocene and Pleistocene mammals . Annals of the Transvaal Museum , 21 : 1 – 38 .
   Google Scholar
• Brunet , M. and White , T. 2001 . Deux nouvelles espèces de Suini (Mammalia, Suidae) du continent Africain (Ethiopie, Tchad) . Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris , 332 : 51 – 57 .
   Google Scholar
• Chavasseau , O. 2008 . Les faunes miocènes de grands mammifères d'Asie du Sud-Est: biochronologie et biogéographie . These Docteur de l'Université Montpellier 2 , 299 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Colbert , E.H. 1935 . Distributional and phylogenetic studies on Indian fossil mammals, IV: the phylogeny of Indian Suidae and the origin of the Hippopotamidae . American Museum Novitates , 799 : 1 – 24 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , H.B.S. 1949 . The fossil Suina of South Africa . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , 32 : 1 – 44 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , H.B.S. 1978 . Pliocene-Pleistocene Suidae from Hadar, Ethiopia . Kirtlandia , 29 : 1 – 63 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , H.B.S. 1982 . Phacochoerus modestus from Bed I, Olduvai Gorge, Tanzania . Zeitschriften der Geologischen Wissenschaften, Berlin , 10 ( 7 ) : 899 – 908 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke , H.B.S. 1993 . Undescribed suid remains from Bolt's Farm and other Transvaal cave deposits . Palaeontologia africana , 30 : 7 – 23 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , H.B.S. 2005 . Makapansgat suids and Metridiochoerus . Palaeontologia africana , 41 : 131 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , H.B.S. and Ewer , R.F. 1972 . Fossil Suidae from Kanapoi and Lothagam, North–western Kenya . Bulletin of the Museum of Comparative Zoology , 143 : 149 – 296 .
   Google Scholar
• Cooke , H.B.S. and Wilkinson , A. 1978 . “ Suidae and Tayassuidae ” . In Evolution of African Mammals , Edited by: Maglio , V.J. and Cooke , H.B.S. 435 – 482 . Cambridge : Harvard University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Coppens , Y. 1971 . Une nouvelle espèce de Suidé du Villafranchien de Tunisie . Nyanzachoerus jaegeri nov. sp. Comptes Rendus de l'Académie des Sciences, Paris , 272 : 3264 – 3267 .
   Google Scholar
• Croizet , J.B. and Jobert , A. 1828 . Recherches sur les ossemens fossiles du département du Puy-de-Dôme , 226 Paris : Adolphe Delahays .
   Google Scholar
• Dale , M. 1948 . New fossil Suidae from the Limeworks Quarry, Makapansgat, Potgietersrust . South African Journal of Science , 2 : 114 – 116 .
   Google Scholar
• Depéret , C. 1890 . Les animaux Pliocènes de Roussillon . Mémoires de la Société géologique de France , 3 : 1 – 164 .
   Google Scholar
• Dietrich , W.O. 1942 . Ältestquartäre Säugetiere aus der Südlichen Serengeti, Deutsch-Ostafrika . Palaeontographica , 94 ( 3–6 ) : 43 – 133 .
   Google Scholar
• Dong , W. and Li , Z.Y. 2008 . Late Pliocene Artiodactyla (Mammalia) from the Lingjing Site, Xuchang, Henan Province (China) . Vertebrata PalAsiatica , 46 : 51 – 70 .
   Google Scholar
• Dubois , E. 1908 . Das geologische Alter der Kendeng-oder Trinil-Fauna . Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsch Aardrijkskundig Genootschap, Leyden, Series 2 , 25 : 1235 – 1270 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewer , R.F. 1956 . The fossil suids of the Transvaal caves . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 127 : 527 – 544 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewer , R.F. 1958a . The fossil Suidae of Makapansgat . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 130 : 329 – 372 .
   Google Scholar
• Ewer , R.F. 1958b . Adaptive features in the skulls of African Suidae . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 131 : 135 – 155 .
   Google Scholar
• Falconer , H. & Cautley , T. 1847 . Fauna Antiqua Sivalensis . London .
   Google Scholar
• Funk , S. , Verma , S. , Larson , G. , Prasad , K. , Singh , L. , Narayan , G. and Fa , J. 2007 . The pygmy hog is a unique genus: 19th Century taxonomists got it right first time round . Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution , 45 : 427 – 436 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gaur , R. 1987 . Ecology and Environment of Early Man in Northwest India: Geological and palaeontological evidences , Delhi : B.R. Publishing Corporation .
   Google Scholar
• Geraads , D. 1993 . Kolpochoerus phacochoeroides (Thomas 1884) (Suidae, Mammalia), du Pliocène supérieur de Ahl Al Oughlam (Casablanca, Maroc) . Geobios , 26 : 731 – 743 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Geraads , D. 2004 . New skulls of Kolpochoerus phacochoeroides (Suidae, Mammalia) from the Late Pliocene of Ahl al Oughlam, Morocco . Palaeontologia africana , 40 : 69 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Geraads , D. , Guérin , C. and Faure , M. 1986 . Les Suidés du Pléistocène ancien d'Oubeidiyeh (Israel) . Mémoires et Travaux du Centre de Recherche Français de Jérusalem , 5 : 93 – 105 .
   Google Scholar
• Geraads , D. , Spassov , N. and Garevski , R. 2008 . New specimens of Propotamochoerus (Suidae, Mammalia) from the Late Miocene of the Balkans . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Abhandlungen , 248 : 103 – 113 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gervais , P. 1850 . Zoologie et Paléontologie Françaises (animaux vertébrés) ou nouvelles recherches sur les animaux vivants et fossiles de la France . Ed. Arthus Bertrand, Paris, 1–3, pp. viii + 271 (1848–1852) .
   Google Scholar
• Golpe-Posse , J.M. 1972 . Suiformes del Terciario Español y sus yacimientos . Paleontologia y Evolucion 2 : 1 – 197 , annexes, 7 pls .
   Google Scholar
• Gongora , J. , Cuddahee , R. , do Nascimento , F. , Palgrave , C. , Lowden , S. , Ho , S. , Simond , D. , Damayanti , C. , White , D. , Tay , W. , Randi , E. , Klingel , H. , Rodrigues-Zarate , C. , Allen , K. , Moran , C. and Larson , G. 2011 . Rethinking the evolution of extant sub-Saharan African suids (Suidae, Artiodactyla) . Zoologica Scripta , 40 : 327 – 335 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J.E. 1868 . Synopsis of the species of pigs (Suidae) in the British Museum . Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London , 1868 : 17 – 49 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J.E. 1873 . Observations on pigs (Sus, Linnaeus; Setifera, Illiger) and their skulls, with the description of a new species . Annals and Magazine of Natural History, Series 4 , 11 : 431 – 439 .
   Google Scholar
• Groves , C. 1981 . Ancestors for the pigs: taxonomy and phylogeny of the genus Sus . Technical Bulletin no. 3 of the Department of Prehistory, Research School of Pacific Studies . Canberra , Australian National University Press , 96 pp.
   Google Scholar
• Haas , G. 1970 . Metridiochoerus evronensis n. sp. a new Middle Pleistocene phacochoerid from Israel . Israel Journal of Zoology , 19 : 179 – 181 .
   Google Scholar
• Han , Defen . 1987 . Artiodactyla fossils from Liucheng Gigantopithecus cave in Guangxi . Memoirs of the Institute of Vertebrate Palaeontology and Palaeoanthropology, Academia Sinica , 18 : 135 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• Hardjasasmita , H.S. 1987 . Taxonomy and phylogeny of the Suidae (Mammalia) in Indonesia . Scripta Geologica , 85 : 1 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , J.M. , Brown , F. and Leakey , M.G. 1988 . Stratigraphy and paleontology of Pliocene and Pleistocene localities west of Lake Turkana, Kenya . Natural History Museum of Los Angeles County, Contributions in Science , 399 : 1 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Harris , J. and White , T. 1979 . Evolution of the Plio–Pleistocene African Suidae . Transactions of the American Philosophical Society, Philadelphia , 69 : 1 – 128 .
   Google Scholar
• Hendey , Q.B. and Cooke , H.B.S. 1985 . Kolpochoerus paiceae (Mammalia, Suidae) from Skurwerug, near Saldanha, South Africa and its palaeoenvironmental implications . Annals of the South African Museum , 97 : 9 – 56 .
   Google Scholar
• Hodgson , B.H. 1847 . On a new form of the hog kind or Suidae . Journal of the Asiatic Society of Bengal , 16 : 423 – 428 .
   Google Scholar
• Hopwood , A. 1926 . Some Mammalia from the Pliocene of Homa Mountain, Victoria Nyanza . Annals and Magazine of Natural History, 9th Series , 18 : 267 – 280 .
   Google Scholar
• Hünermann , K.A. 1971 . Die Plio-Pleistozänen Wirbeltierfaunen von Hajnacka und Ivanovce (Slovakei) CSR. VII: Sus minor (Depéret, 1890) . Neues Jahrbuch für Geologie und Paläontologie, Monatshefte , 1971 : 213 – 230 .
   Google Scholar
• Kaup , J.J. 1833 . Description d'ossements fossiles de Mammifères , 2. Darmstadt, J.G. Heyer .
   Google Scholar
• Leakey , L.S.B. 1958 . Some East African Pleistocene Suidae . Fossil Mammals of Africa , 14 : 1 – 69 .
   Google Scholar
• Leonardi , P. 1952 . I suidi di Sahabi nella Sirtica (Africa settentrionale) . Rendiconti dell'Accademia Nazional XL, Series IV , 4 : 75 – 88 .
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker , R. 1877 . Notices of new and rare mammals from the Siwaliks . Records of the Geological Survey of India , 10 : 76 – 83 .
   Google Scholar
• Lydekker , R. 1884 . Indian Tertiary and Post-Tertiary Vertebrata: Siwalik and Narbada Bunodont Suina . Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica indica 10 3 2 : 35 – 104 .
   Google Scholar
• Meneghini , G. 1862 . Descrizione dei resti di due fiere trovati nelle ligniti mioceniche di Montebamboli . Atti della Societa Italiana di Scienze Naturali, Milano , 4 : 17 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Morales , J. , Pickford , M. and Soria , D. 2005 . Carnivores from the Late Miocene and Basal Pliocene of the Tugen Hills, Kenya . Revista de la Sociedad Geologica de Espana , 18 : 39 – 61 .
   Google Scholar
• Nehring , A. 1864 . Über den Schädel eines zwergenartigen Schweines, Sus scofa nanus aus dem Torf Moor von Tripsees in Neu-Vorpommeren , Sitzungs-Berichten der Gesellschaft naturforschenden Freunde, 2 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. 1988 . Revision of the Miocene Suidae of the Indian Subcontinent . Münchner Geowissenschaftliche Abhandelungen , 12 : 1 – 91 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. 1990 . Révision des Suidés de la Formation de Beglia (Tunisie) . Annales de Paléontologie , 76 : 133 – 141 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. 1993 . Old World Suoid Systematics, Phylogeny, Biogeography and Biostratigraphy . Paleontologia i Evolució , 26–27 : 237 – 269 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. 1994 . Fossil Suidae of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire . In Senut , B. & Pickford , M. Geology and Palaeobiology of the Albertine Rift Valley, Uganda-Zaire. Volume 2: Palaeobiology-Paléobiologie . Orléans , Occasional Publication CIFEG 29 : 339 – 373 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. submitted. Reassessment of the suids from the Pliocene Sables marins de Montpellier and selection of a lectotype for Sus provincialis Gervais , 1850. Geodiversitas .
   Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. , Johanson , D. , Lovejoy , C. , White , T. and Aronson , J. 1983 . A hominoid humeral fragment from the Pliocene of Kenya . American Journal of Physical Anthropology , 60 : 337 – 346 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. and Liu , Liping . 2001 . Revision of the Miocene Suidae of Xiaolongtan (Kaiyuan), China . Bollettino della Societa Paleontologica Italiana , 40 ( 2 ) : 275 – 283 .
   Google Scholar
• Pickford , M. and Morales , J. 1994 . Biostratigraphy and palaeobiogeography of East Africa and the Iberian Peninsula . Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology , 112 : 297 – 322 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pilgrim , G.E. 1926 . The fossil Suidae of India . Memoir of the Geological Survey of India, Palaeontologica indica , 8 ( 4 ) : 1 – 65 .
   Google Scholar
• Schlosser , M. 1903 . Die fossilen Säugetiere Chinas nebst einer Odontographie der rezenten Antilopen . Abhandlungen der Bayerischen Akademie der Wissenschaften , 7 : 371 – 464 .
   Google Scholar
• Singer , R. and Keen , E.N. 1955 . Fossil Suiformes from Hopefield . Annals of the South African Museum , 42 : 169 – 179 .
   Google Scholar
• Stehlin , H.G. 1899–1900 . Über die Geschichte des Suiden Gebisses . Abhandlungen der Schweizerischen Paläontologischen Gesellschaft, Zürich , 26/27 : 1 – 527 .
   Google Scholar
• Stremme , H. 1911 . Die Säugetiere mit Ausnahme der Proboscidier . In M.L. Selenka and M. Blanckenhorn Die Pithecanthropus–Schichten auf Java, geologische und paläontologische Ergebnisse der Trinil–Expedition (1907 und 1908), W. Engelmann, Leipzig , pp. 82 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• Thenius , E. 1950 . Postpotamochoerus n. subgen. hyotherioides aus dem Unterpliozän von Samos (Greichenland) und die Herkunft der Potamochoeren. Sitzungsberichten der Österreichische Akademie von Wissenschaften . Mathematisch–Naturwissenschaftliche Klasse , 159 ( 1 ) : 25 – 36 .
   Google Scholar
• Thenius , E. 1970 . Zur Evolution und Verbreitungsgeschichte der Suidae (Artiodactyla, Mammalia) . Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde , 35 : 321 – 342 .
   Google Scholar
• Thenius , E. 1981 . Zur stammesgeschichtlichen Herkunft von Hylochoerus meinertzhageni Thomas (Suidae, Mammalia) . Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde , 46 : 108 – 122 .
   Google Scholar
• Thomas , O. 1904 . On Hylochoerus, the forest-pig of Central Africa . Proceedings of the Zoological Society, London , 2 ( 13 ) : 193 – 199 .
   Google Scholar
• Tobien , H. 1936 . Mitteilungen über Wirbeltierreste aus dem Mittelpliocän des Natrontales (Ägypten) 7. Artiodactyla, A., Bunodontia . Zeitschrift der deutschen geologischen Gesellschaft , 88 : 42 – 53 .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Made , J. 1988 . Sus nanus nov. sp., a Pliocene dwarf pig from Capo Figari (Northeastern Sardinia) . Bolletino della Società Paleontologica Italiana , 27 : 367 – 378 .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Made , J. 1998 . Biometrical trends in the Tetraconodontinae, a subfamily of pigs . Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh: Earth Sciences , 89 : 199 – 225 .
   Google Scholar
• Van der Made , J. 1999 . Biogeography and stratigraphy of the Mio-Pleistocene mammals of Sardinia and the description of some fossils . In Reumer , J.W.F. & De Vos , J. Ec in Honour of Paul Y. Sondaar. DEINSEA 7 : 337 – 360 .
   Google Scholar
• Van Hoepen , E. & Van Hoepen , H. 1932 . Vrijstaatse Wilde Varke . Paleontologiese Navorsing van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein 2 4 : 1 – 23 , 39–62 .
   Google Scholar
• Von Koenigswald , G.H.R. 1933 . Beitrag zur Kenntniss der fossilen Wirbeltiere Javas, I. Wetenschappelijke Mededeelingen . Dienst van den Mijnbouw Nederlandsch-Indië , 23 : 1 – 127 .
   Google Scholar
• White , T. and Harris , J. 1977 . Suid evolution and correlation of African hominid localities . Science , 198 : 13 – 21 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• White , T. , Howell , F.C. and Gilbert , H. 2006 . The earliest Metridiochoerus (Artiodactyla, Suidae) from the Usno Formation, Ethiopia . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , 61 ( 2 ) : 75 – 79 .
   Google Scholar
• Wu , G. , Pang , J. and Zhang , Y. 2006 . Molecular phylogeny and phylogeography of Suidae . Zoological Research , 27 ( 2 ) : 197 – 201 .
   Google Scholar