Mineralogical and geochemical analyses of the healing elements in clayey soils from Isinuka traditional spa in Port St Johns, South Africa

REFERENCES

• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry , 2011 . www.atsdr.cdc.gov/news/index.asp (accessed 18 October 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Baker , J.T. 1997 . Material safety . http://hazard.com/msds/mf/baker/baker/files/c4400.htm (accessed 30 November 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Bensalah , M. , Benest , M. & Truc , G. 1998 . Relation between emersion phase and compressive Lutetian tectonics in the southern Tellian basin (Algeria) . Comptes rendus des séances de l'Academie des sciences. Série II, Mécanique, physique, chimie, sciences de l'univers, sciences de la terre , 13 January , Paris , pp. 124 – 140 .
   Google Scholar
• Braun-Falco , O. and Korting , H.C. 1986 . Normal pH value of human skin . Hautarzt , 37 : 126 – 129 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carretero , M.I. 2002 . Clay minerals and their beneficial effects upon human health: a review . Applied Clay Science , 21 : 155 – 163 . doi: 10.1016/S0169-1317(01)00085-0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carretero , M.I. and Pozo , M. 2009 . Clays and non clay minerals in the pharmaceutical industry. Part I: Excipients and medical applications . Applied Clay Science , 46 ( 1 ) : 73 – 80 . doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2009.07.017
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cohen-Solal , M. 2002 . Strontium overload and toxicity: impact on renal osteodystrophy . Nephrology Dialysis Transplantation , 17 ( Suppl. 2 ) : 30 – 34 . doi: 10.1093/ndt/17.suppl_2.30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Council for Geosciences (CGS) 2011 . Guide to the services of the CGS analytical laboratory. http://www.geoscience.org.za/index.
   Google Scholar
• Crandall , D.P. 2000 . The Place of Stunted Ironwood Trees: A year in the lives of the cattle-herding Himba of Namibia , 48 New York : Continuum International Publishing group Inc .
   Google Scholar
• Edding , M.E. , Flores , H. & Miranda , C. 1995 . Experimental usage of copper-nickel alloy mesh in mariculture . Part 1: Feasibility of usage in a temperate zone; Part 2: Demonstration of usage in a cold zone. Final report to the International Copper Association Ltd .
   Google Scholar
• Ekosse , G. 2000 . The Makoro kaoline deposit, Southeastern Botswana: its genesis and possible industrial applications . Applied Clay Science , 16 : 301 – 320 . doi: 10.1016/S0169-1317(99)00059-9
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emsley , J. 2001 . “Zinc”. Nature's Building Blocks: An A–Z Guide to the Elements , Oxford : Oxford University Press .
   Google Scholar
• Erman , A. & Tirard , H.M. 2003 . Life in ancient Egypt . http://books.google.co.za/books? (accessed 18 October 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Faniran , J.A. , Ngceba , F.S. , Bhat , R.B. and Oche , C.Y. 2001 . An assessment of the water quality of the Isinuka Springs in the Transkei Region of the Eastern Cape, South Africa . Water SA , 27 ( 2 ) : 241 – 250 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitton , G. 1997 . “ X-ray fluorescence spectrometry ” . In Modern Analytical Geochemistry: An introduction to quantitative chemical analysis techniques for earth, environmental and material sciences , Edited by: Gill , R. 135 – 153 . Harlow : Longman .
   Google Scholar
• Fitzpatrick , M. 2010 . Mozambique . Lonely Planet Publications , Melbourne
   Google Scholar
• Gomes , C. and Silva , J. 2007 . Clay minerals and human health . Applied Clay Science , 36 ( 1–3 ) : 4 – 21 . doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2006.08.006
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Groning , K. 1998 . Body Decoration. A world survey of body art , New York : Vendome Press .
   Google Scholar
• Guggenheim , S. and Martin , R. 1995 . Definition of clay and clay mineral: journal report of the AIPEA Nomenclature and CMS Nomenclature Committee . Clay and Clay Minerals , 43 ( 2 ) : 255 – 256 . doi: 10.1346/CCMN.1995.0430213
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta , A.K. and Nicol , K. 2004 . The use of sulfur in dermatology . Journal Drugs Dermatol , 3 : 427 – 431 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Guthrie , D. 1951 . Observations on primitive medicine, with special references to native African medicine . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine , 45 : 91 – 94 .
   Google Scholar
• Haydel , S.E. , Remineh , C.M. and Williams , L.B. 2008 . Broad-spectrum in vitro antibacterial activities of clay minerals against antibiotic-susceptible and antibiotic-resistant bacterial pathogens . Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy , 61 : 353 – 361 . doi: 10.1093/jac/dkm468
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heckroodt , R.O. 1991 . Clay and clay materials in South Africa . Journal of Southern African Institute of Minerals and Metal , 91 : 343 – 363 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hewitt , J.P. 1992 . Titanium dioxide: a different kind of sunshield . Drug and Cosmetic Industry , 151 : 26 – 32 .
   Google Scholar
• Hoang-Minh , T. , Le Kasbohm , T. and Giere , R. 2010 . UV protection characteristics of some clays . Applied Clay Science , 48 ( 3 ) : 349 – 357 . doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2010.01.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jumbam , N.D. 2011 . The chemistry of cosmetic and therapeutic clays from Isinuka Springs in Port St Johns, South Africa . 1st International Conference on Clays and Clay Minerals in Africa and 2nd International Conference on Geophagia in Southern Africa , Bloemfontein , 19–21 October .
   Google Scholar
• Jumbam , N.D. 2012 . Demographic characteristics associated with Isinuka traditional spa near Port St Johns in the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa . Indilinga – African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems , 11 ( 1 ) : 20 – 31 .
   Google Scholar
• Lambert , T. 2001 . A brief history of cosmetics . http://www.localhistories.org/cosmetics.html. (accessed 18 October 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Lopez-Galindo , A. , Viseras , C. and Cerezo , P. 2007 . Compositional, technical and safety specifications of clays to be used as pharmaceutical and cosmetic products . Applied Clay Science , 36 ( 1–3 ) : 51 – 63 . doi: 10.1016/j.clay.2006.06.016
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy , T.J. , Zeelie , J.J. and Krause , D.J. 1992 . The antimicrobial action of zinc ion/antioxidant combinations . Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics , 17 ( 1 ) : 5
   Google Scholar
• Ma'or , Z. , Henis , Y. , Along , Y. , Orlov , E. , Sorensen , K.B. and Oren , A. 2006 . Antibacterial properties of Dead Sea black mineral mud . International Journal of Dermatology , 45 : 504 – 511 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-4632.2005.02621.x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matike , D.M.E. , Ekosse , G.I. and Ngole , V.M. 2011 . Indigenous knowledge applied to the use of clays for cosmetic purposes in Africa: an overview . Indilinga – African Journal of Indigenous Knowledge Systems , 9 ( 2 ) : 138 – 150 .
   Google Scholar
• May , R.N. 1880 . Memoranda to the Chief Inspector of Public Works Department , Cape of Good Hope Minesterial Department of Crown Lands and Public Works , 1 May : 1 – 13 .
   Google Scholar
• Nkoma , J.S. and Ekosse , G. 1999 . X-Ray diffraction study of clays used for making bricks at Lobatse: montmorillonite, illite, and kaolinite . Botswana Journal of Earth Science , 4 : 28 – 33 .
   Google Scholar
• Roy , P. and Saha , A. 2002 . Metabolism and toxicity of arsenic: a human carcinogen . Current Science , 82 : 38 – 45 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siegenthaler , D. 2005 . Importance of Your Skin's pH . Online: http://ezinearticles.com/?Importance-of-Your-Skins-pH&id = 55208 (accessed 18 October 2012) .
   Google Scholar
• Sukenik , S. , Neumann , L. , Buskila , D. , Kleiner-Baumgarten , A. , Zimlichman , S. and Horowitz , J. 1990 . Dead Sea bath salts for the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis . Clinical and Experimental Rheumatology , 8 ( 4 ) : 353 – 357 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanne , J.H. 2000 . Body art: marks of identity . British Medical Journal , 320 ( 7226 ) : 64 doi: 10.1136/bmj.320.7226.64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thompson , E.E. 1965 . Primitive African medical lore and witchcraft . Bulletin of the Medical Library Association , 53 : 80 – 94 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Der Bijl , P. , Van Eyk , A.D. , Cilliers , J. and Stander , L.A. 2000 . Diffusion of water across human skin in the presence of two barrier creams . Skin Pharmacology and Applied Skin Physiology , 13 : 104 – 110 . doi: 10.1159/000029914
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Williams , J.M. , Holland , M. , Eberl , D.D. , Brunet , T. and Brunet De Courssou , L. 2004 . Killer clays. Natural antibacterial clay minerals . Mineralogical Society Bulletin , 139 : 3 – 8 .
   Google Scholar
• World Health Organization 1978 . The promotion and development of traditional medicine. World Health Organization Geneva . World Health Organization Technical Report Series 622 : 7 – 28 .
   Google Scholar