234
Views
16
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Articles

The faunistic diversity of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the South African Grassland Biome

, , , &
Pages 97-122 | Received 21 Nov 2012, Accepted 01 Feb 2013, Published online: 01 Mar 2013

REFERENCES

  • Blackledge , T.A. , Kuntner , M. and Agnarsson , I. 2011 . The form and function of spider orb webs: evolution from silk to ecosystems . Advances in Insect Physiology , 41 : 175 – 262 .
  • Bredenkamp , G.J. , Spada , F. and Kazmierczak , E. 2002 . On the origin of northern and southern hemisphere grasslands . Plant Ecology , 163 : 209 – 229 . doi: 10.1023/A:1020957807971
  • Breman , E. , Gillson , L. & Willis , K. 2012 . How fire and climate shaped grass-dominated vegetation and forest mosaics in northern South Africa during past millennia . The Holocene 22 : 1427 – 1439 .
  • Butler , V.P. and Haddad , C.R. 2011 . Spider assemblages associated with leaf litter of three tree species in central South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae) . African Journal of Ecology , 49 : 301 – 310 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.2011.01265.x
  • Carbutt , C. , Tau , M. , Stephens , A. and Escott , B. 2011 . The conservation status of temperate grasslands in southern Africa . Grassroots , 11 : 17 – 23 .
  • Cardoso , P. , Pekár , S. , Jocqué , R. and Coddington , J.A. 2011 . Global patterns of guild composition and functional diversity of spiders . PLoS ONE , 6 ( 6 ) : e21710 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0021710
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 1980 . The crab-spiders of southern Africa (Araneae: Thomisidae). 1. The genus Runcinia Simon, 1875 . Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , 43 : 303 – 326 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 1983 . The spider genera Misumena, Misumenops, Runcinia and Thomisus (Araneae: Thomisidae) of southern Africa . Entomology Memoirs, Department of Agriculture of the Republic of South Africa , 55 : 1 – 66 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 1984 . The crab-spiders of southern Africa (Araneae: Thomisidae). 4. The genus Monaeses Thorell, 1869 . Phytophylactica , 16 : 101 – 116 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 1985 . The crab-spiders of southern Africa (Araneae: Thomisidae). 5. The genus Tmarus Simon, 1875 . Phytophylactica , 17 : 115 – 128 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , De Jager , M. and Van den Berg , A. 1996a . Behaviour and biology of two species of termite-eating spiders, Ammoxenus amphalodes and A. pentheri (Araneae: Ammoxenidae), in South Africa . African Plant Protection , 2 : 15 – 17 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , De Jager , M. and Van den Berg , A. 1996b . Ammoxenus species (Araneae: Ammoxenidae) – specialist predators of harvester termites in South Africa . African Plant Protection , 2 : 103 – 109 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , Haddad , C.R. , Foord , S.H. , Lyle , R. , Lotz , L. , Helberg , L. , Mathebula , S. , Van Den Berg , A.M. , Van Niekerk , E. & Jocqué , R. 2010 . First Atlas of the Spiders of South Africa (Arachnida: Araneae) . Pretoria , Agricultural Research Council – Plant Protection Research Institute .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , Hamer , M. and Haddad , C.R. 2011 . An annotated checklist of the spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Mkambathi Nature Reserve, Eastern Cape, South Africa . Koedoe , 53 ( #1058 ) : 1 – 10 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. and Jones , A. 2008 . First record of a bird-dropping spider of the genus Cyrtarachne from South Africa (Araneae: Araneidae) . SANSA News , 8 : 15 – 16 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. & Leroy , A. 1996 . Notes on the biology of Pycnacantha tribulus, another araneid without an orbweb (Araneae: Araneidae) . Revue suisse de Zoologie vol. hors série : 165 – 171 .
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. and Myburgh , J.G. 2009 . A review of the cave spider spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) from South Africa . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , 64 : 53 – 61 . doi: 10.1080/00359190909519237
  • Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , Van den Berg A.M. , Haddad , C.R. & Lyle R. in press . Spiders in South African agroecosystems: a review . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa .
  • Dunlop J.A. Penney D. 2011 3148 Zootaxa Order Araneae Clerck, 1757 In Zhang Z.-Q. , (Ed.) Animal biodiversity: An outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness 149 153
  • Durand , J.F. , Swart , A. , Marais , W.C. , Jansen van Rensburg , C. , Habig , J. , Dippenaar-Schoeman A. , Ueckermann , E. , Venter , E. , Jacobs , A. & De Wet , L. 2012 . Die karst-ekologie van Bakwenagrot (Gauteng) . Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 31 : 17 doi: 10.4102/satnt.v31i1.275
  • Egoh , B.N. 2009 . Integrating ecosystem services into conservation planning in South Africa . Unpublished PhD thesis, Stellenbosch University .
  • Fairbanks , D.H.K. , Thompson , M.W. , Vink , D.E. , Newby , T.S. , Van den Berg , H.M. and Everard , D.A. 2000 . The South African land-cover characteristics database: a synopsis of the landscape . South African Journal of Science , 96 : 69 – 82 .
  • Foord , S.H. , Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. and Haddad , C.R. 2011a . “ South African spider diversity: African perspectives on the conservation of a mega-diverse group ” . In Changing Diversity in Changing Environment , Edited by: Grillo , O. and Venora , G. 163 – 182 . Rijeka : InTech Publishing .
  • Foord , S.H. , Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , Haddad , C.R. , Lotz , L.N. and Lyle , R. 2011b . The faunistic diversity of spiders (Arachnida, Araneae) of the Savanna Biome in South Africa . Transactions of the Royal Society of South Africa , 66 : 170 – 201 . doi: 10.1080/0035919X.2011.639406
  • Fourie , R. 2010 . Spider ecology in the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, Free State Province (Arachnida: Araneae) . Unpublished MSc thesis, University of the Free State .
  • Fourie , R. , Haddad , C.R. , Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. & Grobler , A. in press . Ecology of the plant-dwelling spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) of the Erfenis Dam Nature Reserve, South Africa . Koedoe .
  • Griswold , C.E. 1990 . A revision and phylogenetic analysis of the spider subfamily Phyxelidinae (Araneae, Amaurobiidae) . Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History , 196 : 1 – 206 .
  • Guseinov , E.F. 2006 . The prey of a lithophilous crab spider Xysticus loeffleri (Araneae, Thomisidae) . Journal of Arachnology , 34 : 37 – 45 . doi: 10.1636/M02-14.1
  • Haddad , C.R. 2005 . Ecology of spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) inhabiting Themeda triandra Forsskål grassland in semi-arid South Africa . Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein , 21 : 25 – 36 .
  • Haddad , C.R. and Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 2002 . The influence of mound structure on the diversity of spiders (Araneae) inhabiting the abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides . Journal of Arachnology , 30 : 403 – 408 . doi: 10.1636/0161-8202(2002)030[0403:TIOMSO]2.0.CO;2
  • Haddad , C.R. and Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 2006 . Spiders (Arachnida: Araneae) inhabiting abandoned mounds of the snouted harvester termite Trinervitermes trinervoides (Sjöstedt) (Isoptera: Termitidae: Nasutitermitinae) in the Free State, with notes on their biology . Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein , 22 : 1 – 15 .
  • Haddad , C.R. and Louw , S.vdM. 2006 . Phenology, ethology and fecundity of Heliophanus pistaciae Wesołowska (Araneae: Salticidae), an agrobiont jumping spider in South African pistachio orchards . African Plant Protection , 12 : 1 – 11 .
  • Haddad , C.R. and Lyle , R. 2008 . Three new genera of tracheline sac spiders from southern Africa (Araneae: Corinnidae) . African Invertebrates , 49 : 37 – 76 . doi: 10.5733/afin.049.0204
  • Haddad , C.R. and Wesołowska , W. 2006 . Notes on taxonomy and biology of two Stenaelurillus species from southern Africa (Araneae: Salticidae) . Annales Zoologici (Warszawa) , 56 : 575 – 586 .
  • Haddad , C.R. and Wesołowska , W. 2011 . New species and new records of jumping spiders from central South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae) . African Invertebrates , 52 : 51 – 134 . doi: 10.5733/afin.052.0105
  • Hamer , M. and Slotow , R. 2009 . A comparison and conservation assessment of the high-altitude grassland and forest-millipede (Diplopoda) fauna of the South African Drakensberg . Soil Organisms , 81 : 701 – 717 .
  • Heiling , A.M. , Cheng , K. , Chittka , L. , Goeth , A. and Herberstein , M.E. 2005a . The role of UV in crab spider signals: effects on perception by prey and predators . Journal of Experimental Biology , 208 : 3925 – 3931 . doi: 10.1242/jeb.01861
  • Heiling , A.M. , Chittka , L. , Cheng , K. and Herberstein , M.E. 2005b . Colouration in crab spiders: substrate choice and prey attraction . Journal of Experimental Biology , 208 : 1785 – 1792 . doi: 10.1242/jeb.01585
  • Hewitt , J. 1913 . Descriptions of new and little known species of trapdoor spiders (Ctenizidae and Migidae) from South Africa. Records of the Albany Museum . Grahamstown , 2 : 404 – 434 .
  • Hewitt , J. 1915a . Descriptions of new South African Arachnida . Records of the Albany Museum, Grahamstown , 3 : 70 – 106 .
  • Hewitt , J. 1915b . New South African Arachnida . Annals of the Natal Museum , 3 : 289 – 327 .
  • Hewitt , J. 1916 . Descriptions of new South African spiders . Annals of the Transvaal Museum , 5 : 180 – 213 .
  • Hewitt , J. 1919 . Descriptions of new South African Araneae and Solifugae . Annals of the Transvaal Museum , 6 : 63 – 111 .
  • Hugo-Coetzee , E.A. and Avenant , N.L. 2011 . The effect of fire on soil oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) in a South African grassland. In Moraes, G.J. & Proctor, H. (Eds) Acarology XIII: Proceedings of the International Congress . Zoosymposia , 6 : 1 – 304 .
  • Jackson , R.R. and Hallas , S.E.A. 1986 . Comparative biology of Portia africana, P. albimana, P. fimbriata, P. labiata and P. shultzi, araneophagic, web-building jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae): utilisation of webs, predatory versatility, and intraspecific interactions . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 13 : 423 – 489 . doi: 10.1080/03014223.1986.10422978
  • Jackson , R.R. , Nelson , X.J. and Sune , G.O. 2005 . A spider that feeds indirectly on vertebrate blood by choosing female mosquitoes as prey . Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA. , 102 : 15155 – 15160 . doi: 10.1073/pnas.0507398102
  • Jansen , R. , Makaka , L. , Little , I.T. & Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. in press . Response of ground-dwelling spider assemblages (Arachnida, Araneae) to montane grassland management practices in South Africa . Journal of Insect Conservation .
  • Jocqué , R. and Alderweireldt , M. 2006 . Lycosidae: the grassland spiders . Acta Zoologica Bulgarica, Supplement , 1 : 125 – 130 .
  • Joern , A. and Laws , A.N. 2013 . Ecological mechanisms underlying arthropod species diversity in grasslands . Annual Review of Entomology , 58 : 19 – 36 . doi: 10.1146/annurev-ento-120811-153540
  • Krüger , K. & Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 2000 . Integrated pest management of insect and mite pests on tomatoes . Tomato Producers Organisation, ARC-PPRI, unpublished report .
  • Leroy , J.-M. , Jocqué , R. and Leroy , A. 1998 . On the behaviour of the African bolas-spider Cladomelea akermani Hewitt (Araneae, Araneidae, Cyrtarachninae), with description of the male . Annals of the Natal Museum , 39 : 1 – 9 .
  • Leslie , G.W. and Boreham , P.F.L. 1981 . Identification of arthropod predators of Eldana saccharina Walker (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) by cross-over electrophoresis . Journal of the Entomological Society of Southern Africa , 44 : 381 – 388 .
  • Li , D. , Jackson , R.R. and Barrion , A. 1997 . Prey preferences of Portia labiata, P. africana, and P. schultzi, araneophagic jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Kenya, and Uganda . New Zealand Journal of Zoology , 24 : 333 – 349 . doi: 10.1080/03014223.1997.9518129
  • Little , I.T. , Little , R.M. , Jansen , R. and Crowe , T.M. 2005 . Winter bird assemblages, species richness and relative abundance at a re-vegetated coal mine in the Middelburg district, Mpumalanga province, South Africa . South African Journal of Wildlife Research , 35 : 13 – 22 .
  • Lotz , L.N. 2003 . A revision of the Afrotropical genus Cheiramiona (Araneae: Miturgidae: Eutichurinae) . Annales du Musée royal de l'Afrique centrale (série Zoologie) , 290 : 39 – 86 .
  • Lotz , L.N. , Seaman , M.T. and Kok , D.J. 1991 . Surface-active spiders (Araneae) of a site in semi-arid central South Africa . Navorsinge van die Nasionale Museum, Bloemfontein , 7 : 530 – 540 .
  • Low , A.B. and Rebelo , A.G. 1996 . Vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland , Pretoria : Department of Environmental Affairs and Tourism .
  • Lubin , Y. and Crouch , T. 2003 . Trial by fire: social spider colony demographics in periodically burned grassland . African Zoology , 38 : 145 – 151 .
  • Lyle , R. and Haddad , C.R. 2010 . A revision of the tracheline sac spider genus Cetonana Strand, 1929 in the Afrotropical Region, with descriptions of two new genera (Araneae: Corinnidae) . African Invertebrates , 51 : 321 – 384 . doi: 10.5733/afin.051.0206
  • Marc , P. , Canard , A. and Ysnel , F. 1999 . Spiders (Araneae) useful for pest limitation and bioindication . Agriculture, Ecosystems & Environment , 74 : 229 – 273 . doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(99)00038-9
  • Mcgeoch , M.A. , Sithole , H. , Samways , M.J. , Simaika , J.P. , Pryke , J.S. , Picker , M. , Uys , C. , Armstrong , A.J. , Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , Engelbrecht , I.A. , Braschler , B. and Hamer , M. 2011 . Conservation and monitoring of invertebrates in terrestrial protected areas . Koedoe , 53 ( #1000 ) : 1 – 13 .
  • Mentis , M.T. & Huntley , B.L. 1982 . A description of the Grassland Biome Project . South African National Scientific Programmes Report No. 62 . Pretoria , Graphic Arts Division of the Centre for Scientific and Industrial Research .
  • Mgobozi , M.P. , Somers , M. and Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 2008 . Spider responses to alien plant invasion: the effect of short- and long-term Chromolaena odorata invasion and management . Journal of Applied Ecology , 45 : 1189 – 1197 .
  • Midega , C.A.O. , Khan , Z.R. , Van Den Berg , J. , Ogol , C.K.P.O , Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. , Pickett , J.A. and Wadhams , L.J. 2008 . Response of ground dwelling arthropods to a ‘push-pull’ system and Bt-maize: spiders as an indicator group . Journal of Applied Entomology , 132 : 248 – 254 . doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.2007.01260.x
  • Morse , D.H. 1984 . How crab spiders (Araneae, Thomisidae) hunt at flowers . Journal of Arachnology , 12 : 307 – 316 .
  • Mucina , L. & Rutherford , M.C. 2006 . The vegetation of South Africa, Lesotho and Swaziland . Strelitzia 19 . Pretoria , South African National Biodiversity Institute .
  • Neke , K.S. and Du Plessis , M. 2004 . The threat of transformation: quantifying the vulnerability of grasslands in South Africa . Conservation Biology , 18 : 466 – 477 .
  • Nelson , X.J. and Jackson , R.R. 2006 . A predator from East Africa that chooses malaria vectors as preferred prey . PLoS ONE , 1 ( 1 ) : e132 doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0000132
  • Nelson , X.J. , Jackson , R.R. and Sune , G.O. 2005 . Use of Anopheles-specific prey-capture behavior by the small juveniles of Evarcha culicivora, a mosquito-eating jumping spider . Journal of Arachnology , 33 : 541 – 548 . doi: 10.1636/05-3.1
  • O'Connor , T.G. & Kuyler , P. 2005 . National Grasslands Initiative: Identification of compatible land uses for maintaining compatible biodiversity integrity . Unpublished report . Pretoria , South African National Biodiversity Institute .
  • Palmer , A.R. & Ainslie , A.M. 2005 . Grasslands of South Africa . In Suttie , J.M. , Reynolds , S.G. & Batello , C. Grasslands of the World . Plant Production and Protection Series No. 34 . Rome , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 77 – 120 .
  • Pekár , S. and Haddad , C.R. 2011 . Trophic strategy of ant-eating Mexcala elegans (Araneae: Salticidae): looking for evidence of evolution of prey-specialization . Journal of Arachnology , 39 : 133 – 138 . doi: 10.1636/Hi10-56.1
  • Platnick , N.I. 2012 . The World Spider Catalog , Version 13.0 . American Museum of Natural History , New York . http://research.amnh.org/entomology-/spiders/catalog (accessed 7 September 2012) .
  • Rabinowitz , D. 1981 . “ Seven forms of rarity ” . In The Biological Aspects of Rare Plant Conservation , Edited by: Synge , H. 205 – 217 . New York : John Wiley & Sons .
  • Reid , R.S. , Serneels , S. , Nyabenge , M. & Hanson , J. 2005 . The changing face of pastoral systems in grass-dominated ecosystems of eastern Africa . In Suttie , J.M. , Reynolds , S.G. & Batello , C. Grasslands of the World . Plant Production and Protection Series No. 34 . Rome , Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations . 19 – 76 .
  • Riechert , S.E. 1999 . The hows and whys of successful pest suppression by spiders: insights from case studies . Journal of Arachnology , 27 : 387 – 396 .
  • Robertson , M.P. , Cumming , G.S. and Erasmus , B.F.N. 2010 . Getting the most out of atlas data . Diversity and Distributions , 16 : 363 – 375 . doi: 10.1111/j.1472-4642.2010.00639.x
  • Rocha-Filho , L.C. and Rinaldi , I.M.P. 2011 . Crab spiders (Araneae: Thomisidae) in flowering plants in a Brazilian “Cerrado” ecosystem . Brazilian Journal of Biology , 71 : 359 – 364 .
  • Roff , J. and Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 2004 . Description of a new species of Cladomelea bolas-spider from South Africa, with notes on its behaviour (Araneae: Araneidae) . African Invertebrates , 45 : 1 – 6 .
  • Romero , G.Q. and Vasconcellos-Neto , J. 2003 . Natural history of Misumenops argenteus (Thomisidae): seasonality and diet on Trichogoniopsis adenantha (Asteraceae) . Journal of Arachnology , 31 : 297 – 304 . doi: 10.1636/02-19
  • Scharff , N. and Coddington , J.A. 1997 . A phylogenetic analysis of the orb-weaving spider family Araneidae (Arachnida, Araneae) . Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, London , 120 : 355 – 434 . doi: 10.1111/j.1096-3642.1997.tb01281.x
  • Scott , L. , Anderson , H.M. and Anderson , J.M. 1997 . “ Vegetation history ” . In Vegetation of Southern Africa , Edited by: Cowling , R.M. , Richardson , D.M. and Pierce , S.M. 62 – 84 . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press .
  • Smit , C.M. , Bredenkamp , G.J. , Van Rooyen , N. , Van Wyk , A.E. and Combrinck , J.M. 1997 . Vegetation of the Witbank Nature Reserve and its importance for conservation of threatened Rocky Highveld Grassland . Koedoe , 40 : 85 – 104 . doi: 10.4102/koedoe.v40i2.275
  • Stowe , M.K. 1986 . “ Prey specialization in the Araneidae ” . In Spiders: Webs, Behaviour, and Evolution , Edited by: Shear , W.A. 101 – 131 . Palo Alto : Stanford University Press .
  • Tainton , N.M. 1981 . Veld and pasture management in South Africa , Pietermaritzburg : University of Natal Press .
  • Théry , M. and Casas , J. 2009 . The multiple disguises of spiders: web colour and decorations, body colour and movement . Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society B , 364 : 471 – 480 . doi: 10.1098/rstb.2008.0212
  • Tucker , R.W.E. 1917 . On some South African Aviculariidae (Arachnida). Families Migidae, Ctenizidae, Diplotheleae and Dipluridae . Annals of the South African Museum , 17 : 79 – 138 .
  • Van den Berg , A.M. and Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 1988 . Spider communities in a pine plantation at Sabie, eastern Transvaal: a preliminary survey . Phytophylactica , 20 : 293 – 296 .
  • Van den Berg , A. and Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. 1991 . Ground-living spiders from an area where the harvester termite Hodotermes mossambicus occurs in South Africa . Phytophylactica , 23 : 247 – 253 .
  • Van der Merwe , M. , Dippenaar-Schoeman , A.S. and Scholtz , C.H. 1996 . Diversity of ground-living spiders at Ngome State Forest, KwaZulu/Natal: a comparative survey in indigenous forest and pine plantations . African Journal of Ecology , 34 : 342 – 350 . doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2028.1996.tb00630.x
  • Wesołowska , W. 2001 . Two new species of Thyenula Simon, 1902 from South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae) . Annales Zoologici, (Warszawa) , 51 : 261 – 264 .
  • Wesołowska , W. 2003 . New data on African Heliophanus species with descriptions of new species (Araneae: Salticidae) . Genus , 14 : 249 – 294 .
  • Wesołowska , W. and Cumming , M.S. 1999 . The first termitivorous jumping spider (Araneae: Salticidae) . Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society , 11 : 204 – 208 .
  • Wesołowska , W. and Cumming , M.S. 2002 . Mashonarus guttatus, gen. and sp. n., the second termitivorous jumping spider from Africa (Araneae: Salticidae) . Bulletin of the British Arachnological Society , 12 : 165 – 170 .
  • Wesołowska , W. and Haddad , C.R. 2002 . A new termitivorous jumping spider from South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae) . Tropical Zoology , 15 : 197 – 207 .
  • Wesołowska , W. & Haddad , C.R. in press . New data on the jumping spiders of South Africa (Araneae: Salticidae) . African Invertebrates .
  • Wessels , K.J. , Reyers , B. , Van Jaarsveld , A.S. and Rutherford , M.C. 2003 . Identification of potential conflict areas between land transformation and biodiversity conservation in north-eastern South Africa . Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment , 95 : 157 – 178 . doi: 10.1016/S0167-8809(02)00102-0
  • Zhang , Z.-Q. 2011 . Phylum Arthropoda von Siebold, 1848. In Zhang, Z.-Q. (Ed) Animal biodiversity: an outline of higher-level classification and survey of taxonomic richness . Zootaxa , 3148 : 99 – 103 .

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.