A prospectus for future geomorphological investigation of the Namib Sand Sea

REFERENCES

• Andreotti, B., Claudin, P. & Douady, S. 2002. Selection of dune shapes and velocities. Part 1: Dynamics of sand, wind and barchans. European Physics Journal B 28: 321–339. 10.1140/epjb/e2002-00236-4
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baas, A.C.W. & Nield, J.M. 2007. Modelling vegetated dune landscapes. Geophysical Research Letters 34: L0640510.1029/2006GL029152
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baddock, M.C., Wiggs, G.F.S. & Livingstone, I. 2011. A field study of mean and turbulent flow characteristics upwind, over and downwind of barchan dunes. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36: 1435–1448. 10.1002/esp.2161
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barstad, I., Sorteberg, A., Flatøy, F. & Déqué, M. 2009. Precipitation, temperature and wind in Norway: dynamical downscaling of ERA40. Climate Dynamics 33(6): 769–776. 10.1007/s00382-008-0476-5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breed, C.S. & Grow, T. 1979. Morphology and distribution of dunes in sand seas observed by remote sensing. In McKee, E.D. (Ed.), A Study of Global Sand Seas, USGS Professional Paper 1052: 253–403.
   Google Scholar
• Bristow, C.S., Bailey, S.D. & Lancaster, N. 2000. The sedimentary structure of linear sand dunes. Nature 406: 56–59. 10.1038/35017536
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow, C.S., Lancaster, N. & Duller, G.A.T. 2005. Combining ground penetrating radar surveys and optical dating to determine dune migration in Namibia. Journal of the Geological Society, London 162: 315–321.10.1144/0016-764903-120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bristow, C.S., Duller, G.A.T. & Lancaster, N. 2007. Age and dynamics of linear dunes in the Namib Desert. Geology 35: 555–558. 10.1130/G23369A.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bubenzer, O., Bödeker, O. & Besler, H. 2007, A transcontinental comparison between the southern Namib Erg (Namibia) and the southern Great Sand Sea (Egypt). Zentralblatt für Geologie und Paläontologie. 1: 7–23.
   Google Scholar
• Bullard, J.E. 2006. Arid geomorphology. Progress in Physical Geography 30: 542–552. 10.1191/0309133306pp497pr
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bullard, J.E., White, K. & Livingstone, I. 2011. Morphometric analysis of aeolian bedforms in the Namib Sand Sea using ASTER data. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36: 1534–1549. 10.1002/esp.2189
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dee, D.P., Uppala, S.M., Simmons, A.J., Berrisford, P., Poli, P., Kobayashi, S., Andrae, U., Balmaseda, M.A., Balsamo, G., Bauer, P., Bechtold, P., Beljaars, A.C.M., van de Berg, L., Bidlot, J., Bormann, N., Delsol, C., Dragani, R., Fuentes, M., Geer, A.J., Haimberger, L., Healy, S.B., Hersbach, H., Hólm, E.V., Isaksen, L., Kållberg, P., Köhler, M., Matricardi, M., McNally, A.P., Monge-Sanz, B. M., Morcrette, J.-J., Park, B.-K., Peubey, C., de Rosnay, P., Tavolato, C., Thépaut, J.-N. & Vitart, F. 2011. The ERA-Interim reanalysis: configuration and performance of the data assimilation system. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 137: 553–597. 10.1002/qj.828
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong, Z., Wang, T. & Wang, X. 2004. Geomorphology of the megadunes in the Badain Jaran Desert. Geomorphology 60: 191–203. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2003.07.023
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duran, O., Parteli, E.J.R. & Herrmann, H.J. 2010. A continuous model for sand dunes: Review, new developments and application to barchan dunes and barchan dune fields. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35: 1591–1600. 10.1002/esp.2070
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ewing, R.C. & Kocurek, G. 2010. Aeolian dune interactions and dune-field pattern formation: White Sands Dune Field, New Mexico. Sedimentology 57: 1199–1219.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• French, J.R. & Burningham, H. 2009. Coastal geomorphology: trends and challenges. Progress in Physical Geography 33: 117–129. 10.1177/0309133309105036
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He, Y., Monahan, A.H., Jones, C.G., Dai, A., Biner, S., Caya, D. & Winger, K. 2010. Probability distributions of land surface wind speeds over North America. Journal of Geophysical Research: Atmospheres (1984–2012)115(4).
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kocurek, G., Ewing, R.C., Mohrig, D. 2010. How do bedform patterns arise? New views on the role of bedform interactions within a set of boundary conditions. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 35: 51–63. 10.1002/esp.1913
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lancaster, N. 1988. Controls of eolian dune size and spacing. Geology 16: 972–975. 10.1130/0091-7613(1988)016%3C0972:COEDSA%3E2.3.CO;2
   Google Scholar
• Lancaster, N. & Greeley, R. 1990. Sediment volume in the north polar sand seas of Mars. Journal of Geophysical Research 95(7): 10,921–10,927. 10.1029/JB095iB07p10921
   Google Scholar
• Livingstone, I. 2013. Aeolian geomorphology of the Namib Sand Sea. Journal of Arid Environments 93: 30–39. 10.1016/j.jaridenv.2012.08.005
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Livingstone, I., Bristow, C., Bryant, R.G., Bullard, J., White, K., Wiggs, G.F.S., Baas, A.C., Bateman, M.D. & Thomas D.S.G. 2010. The Namib Sand Sea Digital Database of aeolian dunes and key forcing variables. Aeolian Research 2: 93–104. 10.1016/j.aeolia.2010.08.001
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKee, E.D. 1979. Introduction to a study of global sand seas. In McKEE, E.D. (Ed.), A Study of Global Sand Seas, USGA Professional Paper 1052: 1–19.
   Google Scholar
• Monahan, A.H. 2006. The probability distribution of sea surface wind speeds. Part II: Dataset intercomparison and seasonal variability. Journal of Climate 19: 521–534. 10.1175/JCLI3641.1
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montreuil, A-L., Bullard, J.E., Chandler, J.H. & Millett, J. 2013. Decadal and seasonal development of embryo dunes on an accreting macrotidal beach: North Lincolnshire, UK. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38: 1851–1868. 10.1002/esp.3432
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Munyikwa, K., Brown, S. & Kitabwalla, Z. 2012. Delineating stratigraphic breaks at the bases of postglacial eolian dunes in central Alberta, Canada using a portable OSL reader. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 37: 1603–1614. 10.1002/esp.3261
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nield, J.M., Wiggs, G.F.S. & Squirrell, R.S. 2011. Aeolian sand strip mobility and protodune development on a drying beach: examining surface moisture and surface roughness patterns measured by terrestrial laser scanning. Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 36: 513–522. 10.1002/esp.2071
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pike, R.J. 2000. Geomorphometry – diversity in quantitative surface analysis. Progress in Physical Geography 42: 1–20.
   Google Scholar
• Reitz, M.D., Jerolmack, D.J., Ewing, R.C. & Martin, R.L. 2010. Barchan-parabolic dune pattern transition from vegetation stability threshold. Geophysical Research Letters 37: L19402.
   Google Scholar
• Stone, A.E.C., Thomas, D.S.G. & Viles, H.A. 2010. Late Quaternary palaeohydrological changes in the northern Namib Sand Sea: new chronologies using OSL dating of interdigitated aeolian and water-lain interdune deposits. Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology 288: 35–53. 10.1016/j.palaeo.2010.01.032
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone, A.E.C. 2013. Age and dynamics of the Namib Sand Sea: A review of chronological evidence and possible landscape development models. Journal of African Earth Sciences 82: 70–87. 10.1016/j.jafrearsci.2013.02.003
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D.S.G. 2013. Reconstructing palaeoenvironments and palaeoclimates in drylands: what can landform analysis contribute? Earth Surface Processes and Landforms 38: 3–16. 10.1002/esp.3190
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas, D.S.G. & Burrough, S.L. 2013. Luminescence-based dune chronologies in southern Africa: analysis and interpretation of dune database records across the subcontinent. Quaternary International.
   Google Scholar
• Thomas, D.S.G., Knight, M. & Wiggs, G.F.S. 2005. Remobilization of southern African desert dune systems by twenty-first century global warming. Nature 435: 1218–1221. 10.1038/nature03717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uppala, S.M., Kallberg, P.W. & Simmons, A.J. 2005. The ERA-40 re-analysis. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society 131: 2961–3012. 10.1256/qj.04.176
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson, R.J. & Hyde, R. 1983. Factors determining desert dune type. Nature 304: 289–303. 10.1038/304337a0
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasson, R.J., Fitchett, K., Mackey, B. & Hyde, R. 1988. Large-scale patterns of dune type, spacing and orientation in the Australian continental dunefield. Australian Geographer 19: 89–104. 10.1080/00049188808702952
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weaver, C.M & Wiggs, G.F.S. 2011. Field measurements of mean and turbulent airflow over a barchan sand dune. Geomorphology 128: 32–41. 10.1016/j.geomorph.2010.12.020
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiggs, G.F.S. & Weaver, C.M. 2012. Turbulent flow structures and aeolian sediment transport over a barchan sand dune. Geophysical Research Letters 39: L05404.10.1029/2012GL050847
   Google Scholar
• Working Group on Sand Seas and Dune Fields, RGS-IBG/BSG. 2010. Using the Namib digital atlas to model the future, oral presentation, Global Sand Seas: Past, Presence, and Future, London, October 2010.
   Google Scholar