Climate change: An uncertain future for dairy farming in Zimbabwe

REFERENCES

• ArcGIS, E. 2012. 10.1. Redlands, CA, ESRI.
   Google Scholar
• Bohmanova, J., Misztal, I. & Cole, J. 2007. Temperature-humidity indices as indicators of milk production losses due to heat stress. Journal of Dairy Science 90: 1947–1956. doi: 10.3168/jds.2006-513
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouraoui, R., Lahmar, M., Majdoub, A., Djemali, M.N. & Belyea, R. 2002. The relationship of temperature-humidity index with milk production of dairy cows in a Mediterranean climate. Animal Research 51: 479–491. doi: 10.1051/animres:2002036
   Google Scholar
• Brazier, A. 2015. Climate Change in Zimbabwe. Harare, Konrad-Adenauer-Stiftung.
   Google Scholar
• Collier, R.J., Dahl, G.E. & Vanbaale, M.J. 2006. Major advances associated with environmental effects on dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 89: 1244–1253. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(06)72193-2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, R. J., Doelger, S., Head, H., Thatcher, W. & Wilcox, C. 1982. Effects of heat stress during pregnancy on maternal hormone concentrations, calf birth weight and postpartum milk yield of Holstein cows. Journal of Animal Science 54: 309–319. doi: 10.2527/jas1982.542309x
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collier, R., Zimbelman, R., Rhoads, R., Rhoads, M. & Baumgard, L. 2011. A re-evaluation of the impact of temperature humidity index (THI) and black globe humidity index (BGHI) on milk production in high producing dairy cows. Western Dairy Management Conf. Reno, NV, USA. pp. 113–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donald, B., Rabecca, C., Kudzai, C., Mutuso, D.D., Medicine, M, Davison, M., Prisca, M. & Sherpard, Z. 2012. Climate change impacts, vulnerability and adaptation in Zimbabwe. In Reid, S.F.A.H. (Ed.), Climate Change. London, International Institute for Environment and Development (IIED).
   Google Scholar
• Eccel, E. 2012. Estimating air humidity from temperature and precipitation measures for modelling applications. Meteorological Applications 19: 118–128. doi: 10.1002/met.258
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantner, V., Mijić, P., Kuterovac, K., Solić, D. & Gantner, R. 2011. Temperature-humidity index values and their significance on the daily production of dairy cattle. Mljekarstvo 61: 56–63.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gantner, V., Mijić, P., Kuterovac, K., Barać, Z. & Potočnik, K. 2015. Heat stress and milk production in the first parity Holsteins – threshold determination in Eastern Croatia. PoljoPrivreda 21: 97–100. doi: 10.18047/poljo.21.1.sup.22
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gauly, M., Bollwein, H., Breves, G., Brügemann, K., Dänicke, S., Daş, G., Demeler, J., Hansen, H., Isselstein, J. & König, S. 2013. Future consequences and challenges for dairy cow production systems arising from climate change in Central Europe – a review. Animal 7: 843–859. doi: 10.1017/S1751731112002352
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Githeko, A.K., Lindsay, S.W., Confalonieri, U.E. & Patz, J.A. 2000. Climate change and vector-borne diseases: a regional analysis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization 78: 1136–1147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• González-Fernández, A., Manjarrez, J., García-Vázquez, U., D'addario, M. & Sunny, A. 2018. Present and future ecological niche modeling of garter snake species from the Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt. Peer J, 6: e4618.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gwatibaya, S. 2012. Production and Physiological Responses of Lactating Holstein Dairy Cows to the Provision of Shade in Sub-Tropical Zimbabwe. MSc thesis, University of Zimbabwe.
   Google Scholar
• Houghton, J., Ding, Y., Griggs, D., Noguer, M., van der Linden, P., Dai, X., Maskell, K. & Johnson, C. 2001. IPCC third assessment report: climate change 2001. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.
   Google Scholar
• Igono, M., Bjotvedt, G. & Sanford-Crane, H. 1992. Environmental profile and critical temperature effects on milk production of Holstein cows in desert climate. International Journal of Biometeorology 36: 77–87. doi: 10.1007/BF01208917
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishizaki, Y., Shiogama, H., Emori, S., Yokohata, T., Nozawa, T., Ogura, T., Abe, M., Yoshimori, M. & Takahashi, K. 2012. Temperature scaling pattern dependence on representative concentration pathway emission scenarios. Climatic Change 112: 535–546. doi: 10.1007/s10584-012-0430-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerstin, B., Gernand, E., König von Borstel, U. & König, S. 2012. Defining and evaluating heat stress thresholds in different dairy cow production systems. Archiv für Tierzucht 35: 13–24.
   Google Scholar
• Kibler, H.H. 1964. Thermal effects of various temperature-humidity combinations on Holstein cattle as measured by eight physiological responses. Research Bulletin 862: 1–42.
   Google Scholar
• Kristie, L., EBI, J., McConnell, K.J., Chan, N. & Weyant, J. 2005. Climate suitability: for stable malaria transmission in Zimbabwe under different climate change scenarios. Global Change & Human Health 3: 42.
   Google Scholar
• Laban, R.K., Kipkosgei, B. & Mainah, I.C. 2015. Influence of climate change on biodiversity, human health and sustainable livelihood. African Journal of Tourism Hospitality and Leisure Studies 1.
   Google Scholar
• Meinshausen, M., Smith, S.J., Calvin, K., Daniel, J.S., Kainuma, M., Lamarque, J.-F., Matsumoto, K., Montzka, S., Raper, S. & Riahi, K. 2011. The RCP greenhouse gas concentrations and their extensions from 1765 to 2300. Climatic Change 109: 213.
   Google Scholar
• Nesamvuni, E., Lekalakala, R., Norris, D. & Ngambi, J. 2012. Effects of climate change on dairy cattle, South Africa. African Journal of Agricultural Research 7: 3867–3872. doi: 10.5897/AJAR11.1468
   Google Scholar
• Payne, W.J.A. 1990. An Introduction to Animal Husbandry in the Tropics. New York, Wiley Harlow.
   Google Scholar
• Riahi, K., Rao, S., Krey, V., Cho, C., Chirkov, V., Fischer, G., Kindermann, G., Nakicenovic, N. & Rafaj, P. 2011. RCP 8.5 – A scenario of comparatively high greenhouse gas emissions. Climatic Change 109: 33.
   Google Scholar
• Rogelj, J., Den Elzen, M., Höhne, N., Fransen, T., Fekete, H., Winkler, H., Schaeffer, R., Sha, F., Riahi, K. & Meinshausen, M. 2016. Paris Agreement climate proposals need a boost to keep warming well below 2 C. Nature 534: 631–639. doi: 10.1038/nature18307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romaniuk, W. & Overby, T. 2005. A guide to cattle housing systems in Polish. Warsaw, IBMER.
   Google Scholar
• Seo, S.N. & Mendelsohn, R. 2007. The impact of climate change on livestock management in Africa: A structural Ricardian analysis. Washington, DC, World Bank.
   Google Scholar
• Sirohi, S. & Michaelowa, A. 2007. Sufferer and cause: Indian livestock and climate change. Climatic Change 85: 285–298. doi: 10.1007/s10584-007-9241-8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suraj, P.T., Sivakumar, T. & Paramasivam, A. 2016. Trends in temperature, temperature humidity index and climate change at seven agro-climatic regions of Tamil Nadu. Indian Journal of Applied Research 5.
   Google Scholar
• Team, R.C. 2014. R: A language and environment for statistical computing. Vienna, R Foundation for Statistical Computing.
   Google Scholar
• Thom, E.C. 1959. The discomfort index. Weatherwise 12: 57–61. doi: 10.1080/00431672.1959.9926960
   Google Scholar
• Tian, D., Guo, Y. & Dong, W. 2015. Future changes and uncertainties in temperature and precipitation over China based on CMIP5 models. Advances in Atmospheric Sciences 32: 487–496. doi: 10.1007/s00376-014-4102-7
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Vuuren, D.P., Edmonds, J., Kainuma, M., Riahi, K., Thomson, A., Hibbard, K., Hurtt, G.C., Kram, T., Krey, V. & Lamarque, J.-F. 2011. The representative concentration pathways: an overview. Climatic Change 109: 5.
   Google Scholar
• Vitali, A., Sagnalini, M., Bertocchi, L., Bernabucci, U., Nardone, A. & Lacetera, N. 2009. Seasonal pattern of mortality and relationships between mortality and temperature humidity index in dairy cows. Dairy Science 92(8): 3781–3790.
   Google Scholar
• West, J. 2003. Effects of heat-stress on production in dairy cattle. Journal of Dairy Science 86: 2131–2144. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(03)73803-X
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• West, J.W., Hill, G.M., Fernandez, J.M., Mandebvu, P. & Mullinix, B.G. 1999. Effect of dietary fiber on intake, milk yield, and digestion by lactating dairy cows during cool or hot, humid weather. Journal of Dairy Science 82: 2455–2465. doi: 10.3168/jds.S0022-0302(99)75497-4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Meteorological Organization. 1989. Animal Health and Production at Extremes of Weather. WMO Technical.
   Google Scholar