REFERENCES
- Chamaillé-Jammes, S., Fritz, H. & Madzikanda, H. 2009. Piosphere contribution to landscape heterogeneity: a case study of remote-sensed woody cover in a high elephant density landscape. Ecography 32: 871–880. doi: 10.1111/j.1600-0587.2009.05785.x
- Chase, M.J., Schlossberg, S., Griffin, C.R., Bouché, P.J., Djene, S.W., Elkan, P.W., et al. 2016. Continent-wide survey reveals massive decline in African savannah elephants. PeerJ, 4: e2354.
- Conybeare, A. & Haynes, G. 1984. Observations on elephant mortality and bones in water holes. Quaternary Research 22: 189–200. doi: 10.1016/0033-5894(84)90039-5
- Davidson, Z., Valeix, M., Van Kesteren, F., Loveridge, A.J., Hunt, J.E., Murindagomo, F. & Macdonald, D.W. 2013. Seasonal diet and prey preference of the African lion in a waterhole-driven semi-arid savanna. PLoS One, 8: e55182.
- Derry, J. & Dougill, A. 2008. Water location, piospheres and a review of evolution in African ruminants. African Journal of Range and Forage Science 25: 79–92. doi: 10.2989/AJRFS.2008.25.2.6.485
- Dudley, J.P., Criag, G., Gibson, D., Haynes, G. & Klimowicz, J. 2001. Drought mortality of bush elephants in Hwange National Park, Zimbabwe. African Journal of Ecology 39: 187–194. doi: 10.1046/j.0141-6707.2000.00297.x
- Egeru, A., Wasonga, O., MacOpiyo, L., Mburu, J., Tabuti, J.R. & Majaliwa, M.G. 2015. Piospheric influence on forage species composition and abundance in semi-arid Karamoja sub-region, Uganda. Pastoralism 5: 12. doi: 10.1186/s13570-015-0032-y
- Epaphras, A., Gereta, E., Lejora, I., Meing’ataki, G.O., Ng’umbi, G., Kiwango, Y., et al. 2008. Wildlife water utilization and importance of artificial waterholes during dry season at Ruaha National Park, Tanzania. Wetlands Ecology and Management 16: 183–188. doi: 10.1007/s11273-007-9065-3
- ESRI, A. 2012. 10.1. Environmental Systems Research Institute, Redlands, CA.
- Guisan, A. & Thuiller, W. 2005. Predicting species distribution: offering more than simple habitat models. Ecology Letters 8: 993–1009. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2005.00792.x
- Hassan, Q.K., Bourque, C.P., Meng, F.-R. & Richards, W. 2007. Spatial mapping of growing degree days: an application of MODIS-based surface temperatures and enhanced vegetation index. Journal of Applied Remote Sensing 1: 013511.
- Hayward, M.W. & Hayward, M.D. 2012. Waterhole use by African fauna. South African Journal of Wildlife Research 42: 117–127. doi: 10.3957/056.042.0209
- James, C.D., Landsberg, J. & Morton, S.R. 1999. Provision of watering points in the Australian arid zone: a review of effects on biota. Journal of Arid Environments 41: 87–121. doi: 10.1006/jare.1998.0467
- Jeltsch, F., Milton, S.J., Dean, W.R.J. & Rooyen, N. 1997. Simulated pattern formation around artificial waterholes in the semi-arid Kalahari. Journal of Vegetation Science 8: 177–188. doi: 10.2307/3237346
- Kearney, M. & Porter, W. 2009. Mechanistic niche modelling: combining physiological and spatial data to predict species’ ranges. Ecology Letters 12 334–350. doi: 10.1111/j.1461-0248.2008.01277.x
- Knight, J. 2009. Making wildlife viewable: habituation and attraction. Society & Animals 17: 167–184. doi: 10.1163/156853009X418091
- Lange, R.T. 1969. The piosphere: sheep track and dung patterns. Journal of Range Management 396–400. doi: 10.2307/3895849
- Ndaimani, H., Murwira, A., Masocha, M. & Zengeya, F.M. 2017. Elephant (Loxodonta africana) GPS collar data show multiple peaks of occurrence farther from water sources. Cogent Environmental Science 3: 1420364.
- Robbins, C. 2012. Wildlife Feeding and Nutrition. Amsterdam, Elsevier.
- Schulz, J.J., Cayuela, L., Rey-Benayas, J.M. & Schröder, B. 2011. Factors influencing vegetation cover change in Mediterranean Central Chile (1975–2008). Applied Vegetation Science 14: 571–582. doi: 10.1111/j.1654-109X.2011.01135.x
- Smit, I.P., Grant, C.C. & Devereux, B.J. 2007. Do artificial waterholes influence the way herbivores use the landscape? Herbivore distribution patterns around rivers and artificial surface water sources in a large African savanna park. Biological Conservation 136: 85–99. doi: 10.1016/j.biocon.2006.11.009
- SPSS, I. 2011. IBM SPSS statistics for Windows, version 20.0. New York: IBM Corp.
- Thrash, I. & Derry, J. 1999. Review of literature on the nature and modelling of piospheres. Koedoe 42: 73–94. doi: 10.4102/koedoe.v42i2.234
- Timmons, G.R., Hewitt, D.G., DeYoung, C.A., Fulbright, T.E. & Draeger, D.A. 2010. Does supplemental feed increase selective foraging in a browsing ungulate? Journal of Wildlife Management 74: 995–1002. doi: 10.2193/2009-250
- Turton, S.M. 2005. Managing environmental impacts of recreation and tourism in rainforests of the wet tropics of Queensland World Heritage Area. Geographical Research 43: 140–151. doi: 10.1111/j.1745-5871.2005.00309.x
- Valeix, M., Chamaillé-Jammes, S. & Fritz, H. 2007. Interference competition and temporal niche shifts: elephants and herbivore communities at waterholes. Oecologia 153: 739–748. doi: 10.1007/s00442-007-0764-5
- Valentin, C. 1985. Effects of grazing and trampling on soil deterioration around recently drilled water holes in the Sahelian Zone. In El-Swaify, S.A, Moldenhauer, W.C. & Lo, A. (Eds), Soil Erosion and Conservation. Ankeny: Soil Conservation Society of America. pp. 51–65.
- Waring, R., Coops, N., Fan, W. & Nightingale, J. 2006. MODIS enhanced vegetation index predicts tree species richness across forested ecoregions in the contiguous USA. Remote Sensing of Environment 103: 218–226. doi: 10.1016/j.rse.2006.05.007