Persistence stability in ascidian populations: Longterm population dynamics and reproductive pattern of Pyura tessellata (Forbes) in Gullmarfjorden on the Swedish west coast

References

• Berrill , N.J. 1950 . The Tunicata , 354 – 354 . London : The Ray Society .
   Google Scholar
• Berrill , N.J. 1957 . “ Tunicata ” . In The Plymouth fauna list , 371 – 382 . Plymouth : Mar. Biol. Assoc. U.K. .
   Google Scholar
• Berrill , N.J. 1975 . “ Chordata: Tunicata ” . In Reproduction of marine invertebrates II , Edited by: Giese , A.C. and Pearse , J.S. 241 – 282 . N.Y. : Acad. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Bowman , R.S. and Lewis , J.R. 1977 . Annual fluctations in the recruitment of Patella vulgata L. . J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. , 57 : 793 – 815 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coe , W.R. 1956 . Fluctations in populations of littoral marine invertebrates . J. mar. Res. , 15 : 212 – 232 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehl , M. 1957 . Die Ökologie der Styela coriacea in der Kieler Bucht . Kieler Meeresforsch. , 13 : 59 – 68 .
   Google Scholar
• Dybern , B.I. 1965 . The life cycle of Ciona intestinalis (L.) f. typica in relation to the environmental temperature . Oikos , 16 : 109 – 131 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dybern , B.I. 1969 . Distribution and ecology of the tunicate Ascidiella scabra (Müller) in the Skagerak-Kattegat area . Ophelia , 6 : 183 – 201 .
   Google Scholar
• Frank , P.W. 1968 . Life histories and community stability . Ecology , 49 : 355 – 357 .
   Google Scholar
• Giese , A.C. and Pearse , J.S. 1974 . “ Methods of estimating sexual reproductive activity ” . In Reproduction of marine invertebrates , Edited by: Giese , A.C. and Pearse , J.S. Vol. I , 914 – 914 . N.Y. : Acad. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Goodbody , I. 1962 . The biology of Ascidia nigra (Savigny). 1. Survival and mortality in an adult population . Biol. Bull. , 122 : 40 – 51 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodbody , I. 1974 . The physiology of ascidians . Adv. mar. Biol. , 12 : 1 – 149 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodbody , I. and Gibson , J. 1974 . The biology of Ascidia nigra (Savigny). V. Survival in populations settled at different times of the year . Biol. Bull. , 146 : 217 – 237 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray , J.S. 1974 . Animal-sediment relationship . Oceanogr. mar. Biol. A. Rev. , 12 : 223 – 261 .
   Google Scholar
• Gray , J.S. 1977 . The stability of benthic ecosystems . Helgoländer wiss. Meeresunters. , 30 : 427 – 444 .
   Google Scholar
• Gislén , T. 1929. . Epibioses of the Gullmar Fjord. 1. Geomorphology and hydrography . Skriftserie Kungl. Sv. Vetenskapsakad. , 3 : 1 – 123 .
   Google Scholar
• Gulliksen , B. 1972 . Spawning, larval settlement, growth, biomass, and distribution of Ciona intestinalis L. (Tunicata) in Borgenfjorden, North-Tröndelag, Norway . Sarsia , 51 : 83 – 96 .
   Google Scholar
• Gulliksen , B. 1980 . The macrobenthic rocky-bottom fauna of Borgenfjorden, North-Tröndelag, Norway . Sarsia , 65 : 115 – 138 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gulliksen , B. and Skjæveland , S.H . 1973 . The seastar Asterias rubens (L.), as predator on the ascidian, Ciona intestinalis (L), in Borgenfjorden, North-Trõndelag, Norway . Sarsia , 52 : 15 – 20 .
   Google Scholar
• Haugh , H. 1967 . “ Probleme und Methoden der Strukturzählung im Schnittpräparat ” . In Quantitative methods in morphology , Edited by: Weibel , E.R. and Elias , H. 58 – 78 . Berlin : Springer Verlag .
   Google Scholar
• Karlson , R. 1978 . Predation and space utilization patterns in a marine epifaunal community . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol. , 31 : 225 – 239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lambert , G. 1968 . The general ecology and growth of a solitary ascidian, Corella willmeriana . Biol. Bull , 135 : 296 – 307 .
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis , J.R. 1976 . Long-term ecological surveillance: Practical realities in the rocky littoral . Oceanogr. mar. Biol. A. Rev. , 14 : 371 – 390 .
   Google Scholar
• Lewontin , R.C. 1969 . The meaning of stability . Brookhaven Symp. Biol. , 22 : 13 – 24 .
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lubchenco , J. and Menge , B.A. 1978 . Community development and persistence in a low rocky intertidal zone . Ecol. Monogr. , 59 : 67 – 94 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundälv , T. 1971 . Quantitative studies on rocky-bottom biocoenoses by underwater photogram-metry. A methodological study . Thalassia jugosl. , 7 : 201 – 208 .
   Google Scholar
• May , R.M. 1973 . Stability and complexity in model ecosystems , 235 – 235 . New Jersey : Princeton Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Millar , R.H. 1952 . The annual growth and reproductive cycle in four ascidians . J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. , 31 : 41 – 61 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar , R.H. 1953 . “ Ciona ” . In L.M.B.C. Mem. typ. Br. mar. Pl. Anim. , Edited by: Colman , J.S. Vol. 35 , 1 – 123 . Liverpool : Univ. Press .
   Google Scholar
• Millar , R.H. 1954 . The annual growth and reproductive cycle of the ascidian Dendrodoa grossularia (Van Beneden) . J. mar. biol. Ass. U.K. , 33 : 33 – 48 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Millar , R.H. 1971 . The biology of ascidians . Adv. mar. Biol. , 9 : 1 – 100 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monniot , C. 1965 . “ Etude systématique et évolutive de la familie des Pyuridae (Ascidiacea) ” . In Mém. Mus. natn. Hist. nat. , Vol. 36 , 1 – 203 . Univ. de Paris .
   Google Scholar
• Osman , R.W. 1977 . The establishment and development of a marine epifaunal community . Ecol. Monogr. , 47 : 37 – 63 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson , C.H. 1977 . Competitive organization of the soft bottom macrobenthic communities of Southern California Lagoons . Mar. Biol. , 43 : 343 – 359 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhoads , D.C. 1974 . Organism-sediment relations on the muddy sea floor . Oceanogr. mar. Biol. A. Rev. , 12 : 263 – 300 .
   Google Scholar
• Smith , M.J. and Dehnel , P.A. 1971 . The composition of tunic from four species of ascidians . Comp. Biochem. Physiol. , 40 : 615 – 622 .
   Google Scholar
• Sousa , W.P. 1979 . Disturbance in marine intertidal boulder fields: The nonequlibrium maintenance of species diversity . Ecology , 60 : 1225 – 1239 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland , J.P. 1974 . Multiple stable points in natural communities . Am. Nat. , 108 : 859 – 873 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland , J.P. 1981 . The fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina: A study in stability . Am. Nat. , 118 : 499 – 519 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sutherland , J.P. and Karlson , R.H. 1977 . Development and stability of the fouling community at Beaufort, North Carolina . Ecol. Monogr. , 47 : 425 – 446 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svane , I. 1982 . Possible ascidian counterpart to the vertebrate saccus vasculosus with reference to Pyura tessellata (Forbes) and Boltenia echinata (L.) . Acta zool. , 63 : 85 – 89 .
   Google Scholar
• Svane , I. and Lundälv , T. 1981 . Reproductive pattern and population dynamics of Ascidia mentula O.F. Müller on the Swedish West Coast . J. exp. mar. Biol. Ecol , 50 : 163 – 182 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svane , I. in press . Population dynamics and reproductive pattern of Boltenia echinata (L.) (Ascidiacea) on the Swedish West Coast . J. Neth. Sea. Res. , (16th EMBS, Texel 1981).
   Google Scholar
• Torlegård , K. and Lundälv , T. 1974 . Under-water analytical system . Photogramm. Engng. , 40 : 287 – 293 .
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar