A meta-analysis of cerebrovascular disease and hyperhomocysteinaemia

REFERENCES

• Whisnant JP. Modelling of risk factors for ischemic stroke: the Willis lecture. Stroke 1997; 28: 1839–43.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boers GH, Smals AG, Trijbels FJ, Fowler B, Bakkeren JA, Schoonderwaldt HC, Kloppenborg PW. Heterozygosity for homocystinuria in pre-mature peripheral and cerebral occlusive arterial disease. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 709–15.
   Google Scholar
• Clarke R, Daly L, Robinson K, Naughten E, Calahane S, Fowler B, Graham I. Hyperhomo-cysteinemia: an independent risk factor for vascular disease. N Engl J Med 1991; 324: 1149–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hankey GJ, Eikelboom JW. Homocysteine and vascular disease. Lancet 1999; 354: 407–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Truelsen T, Bonita R, Grobxk M, Sehnohr P, Boysen G. Stroke incidence and case fatality in two populations: the Auckland Stroke Study and the Copenhagen City Heart Study. Neuroepi-demilogy 1998; 17: 132–8.
   Google Scholar
• Boushey CJ, Bereford SAA, Omenn GS, Motulsky AG. A quantitative assessment of plasma homo-cysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease—probable benefits of increasing folic acid intakes. JAMA 1995; 274: 1049–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ubbink JB, Becker PJ, Vermaak WJH, Delport R. Results of B — Vitamin supplementation study used in a prediction model to define a reference range for plasma homocysteine. Clin Chem 1995; 41: 1033— 7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rasmussen K, Moller J, Lyngbak M, Pedersen AMH, Dybkjxr L. Age- and gender-specific reference intervals for total homocysteine and methylmalonic acid in plasma before and after vitamin supplementation. Clin Chem 1996; 42: 630 — 6.
   Google Scholar
• Rothman KJ, Greenland S. Modern epidemiology. Philadelphia: Lippincott-Raven; 1998
   Google Scholar
• Breslow NE, Day NE. Statistical methods in cancer research, vol. 1: 142–6. Lyon. Interna-tional Agency for Research on Cancer
   Google Scholar
• Lindgren A, Brattström L, Norrving B, Hultberg B, Andersson A, Johansson B. Plasma homo-cysteine in the acute and convalescent phases after stroke. Stroke 1995; 26: 795–800.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultberg B, Andersson A, Lindgren A. Marginal folate deficiency as a possible cause of hyper-homocysteinaemia in stroke patients. Eur J Clin Chem Clin Biochem 1997; 35: 25–8.
   Google Scholar
• van Beynum IM, Smeitink JA, den HM, te-Poele PM, Blom HJ. Hyperhomocysteinemia: a risk factor for ischemic stroke in children. Circulation 1999; 99: 2070–2.
   Google Scholar
• Houston PE, Rana S, Sekhsaria S, Perlin E, Kim KS, Castro OL. Homocysteine in sickle cell disease: relationship to stroke. Am J Med 1997; 103: 192–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petri M, Roubenoff R, Dallal GE, Nadeau MR, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for atherothrombotic events in systemic lupus erythematosus. Lancet 1996; 348: 120–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristensen B, Malm J, Nilsson TK, Hultdin J, Carlberg B, Dahlen G, Olsson T. Hyperhomocys-teinemia and hypofibrinolysis in young adults with ischemic stroke. Stroke 1999; 30: 974–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoo JH, Chung CS, Kang SS. Relation of plasma homocyst(e)ine to cerebral infarction and cerebral atherosclerosis. Stroke 1998; 29: 2478–83.
   Google Scholar
• Giles WH, Croft JB, Greenlund KJ, Ford ES, Kittner SJ. Total homocyst(e)ine concentration and the likelihood of nonfatal stroke: results from the third national health and nutrition examina-tion survey, 1988-1994. Stroke 1998; 29: 2473–7.
   Google Scholar
• Graham IM, Daly LE, Refsum HM, Robinson K, Brattström LE, Ueland PM, Palma RR, Boers GH, Sheahan RG, Israelsson B, et al. Plasma homocysteine as a risk factor for vascular disease. The European Concerted Action Project. JAMA 1997; 277: 1775–81.
   Google Scholar
• Delport R, Ubbink JB, Vermaak WJ, Rossouw H, Becker PJ, Joubert J. Hyperhomocysteinaemia in black patients with cerebral thrombosis. QJM 1997; 90: 35–9.
   Google Scholar
• Evers S, Koch HG, Grotemeyer KH, Lange B, Deufel T, Ringelstein EB. Features, symptoms, and neurophysiological findings in stroke asso-ciated with hyperhomocysteinemia. Arch Neurol 1997; 54: 1276–82.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Brattström L, Lindgren A, Israelsson B, Malinow MR, Norrving B, Upson B, Hamfelt A. Hyper-homocysteinaemia in stroke: prevalence, cause, and relationships to type of stroke and stroke risk factors. Eur J Clin Invest 1992; 22: 214–21.
   Google Scholar
• Coull BM, Malinow MR, Beamer N, Sexton G, Nordt F, de GP. Elevated plasma homocyst(e)ine concentration as a possible independent risk factor for stroke. Stroke 1990; 21: 572–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araki A, Sako Y, Fukushima Y, Matsumoto M, Asada T, Kita T. Plasma sulfhydryl-containing amino acids in patients with cerebral infarction and in hypertensive subjects. Atherosclerosis 1989; 79: 139–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bots ML, Launer LJ, Lindemans J, Hoes AW, Hofman A, Witteman JC, Koudstaal PJ, Grobbee DE. Homocysteine and short-term risk of myo-cardial infarction and stroke in the elderly: the Rotterdam Study. Arch Intern Med 1998; 159: 38 — 44.
   Google Scholar
• Stehouwer CDA, Weijenberg MP, van-den BM, Jakobs C, Feskens EJM, Kromhout D. Serum homocysteine and risk of coronary heart disease and cerebrovascular disease in elderly men: a 10-year follow—up. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1998; 18: 1895–901.
   Google Scholar
• Perry U, Refsum H, Morris RW, Ebrahim SB, Ueland PM, Shaper AG. Prospective study of serum total homocysteine concentration and risk of stroke in middle-aged British men. Lancet 1995; 346: 1395–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Verhoef P, Hennekens CH, Malinow MR, Kok FJ, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ. A prospective study of plasma homocyst(e)ine and risk of ischemic stroke. Stroke 1994; 25: 1924–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfthan G, Pekkanen J, Jauhiainen M, Pitkaniemi J, Karvonen M, Tuomilehto J, Salonen JT, Ehnholm C. Relation of serum homocysteine and lipoprotein(a) concentrations to atherosclero-tic disease in a prospective Finnish population based study. Atherosclerosis 1994; 106: 9–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Israelsson B, Brattström L, Refsum H. Homo-cysteine in frozen plasma samples. A short cut to establish hyperhomocysteinaemia as a risk factor for arteriosclerosis? Scand J Clin Lab Invest 1993; 53: 465–9.
   Google Scholar
• Reis RP, Azinheira J, Reis HP, Pereira M, Baptista A, Crespo M, Pina JE, Ferreira NC, Luis AS. [Homocysteinemia as a risk factor in early cerebrovascular disease]. Acta Med Port 1994; 7: 285–9.
   Google Scholar
• Reis RP, Azinheira J, Reis HP, Pereira M, Baptista A, Crepo M, Pina JE, Ferreira NC, Luis AS. [Homocysteinemia as a risk factor for cerebrovascular disorders. The role of age and homocysteine levels]. Acta Med Port 1996; 9: 15–20.
   Google Scholar
• Vila N, Deulofeu R, Chamorro A, Piera C. [Plasma homocysteine levels in patients with ischemic cerebral infarction]. Med Clin (Barc) 1998; 110: 605–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Selhub J, Jacques PF, Wilson PWF, Rush D, Rosenberg IH. Vitamin status and intake as primary determinants of homocysteinaemia in an elderly population. JAMA 1993; 270: 2693–98.
   Google Scholar
• McCully KS. Vascular pathology of homocystei-nemia: implications for the pathogenesis of arteriosclerosis. Am J Pathol 1969; 56: 111–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• den Heijer M, Rosendaal FR, Blom HJ, Gerrits WBJ, Bos GMJ. Hyperhomocysteinemia and venous thrombosis: A meta-analysis. Thromb Haemost 1998; 80: 874–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ray JG. Meta-analysis of hyperhomocysteinemia as a risk factor for venous thromboembolic disease. Arch Intern Med 1998; 158: 2101–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chasan-Taber L, Selhub J, Rosenberg IH, et al. A prospective study of folate, vitamin B6 and risk of myocardial infarction in US physicians. J Am Coll Nutr 1996; 15: 136–43.
   Google Scholar
• Verhoef P, Hennekens CH, Allen RH, Stapler SP, Willet WC, Stampfer MJ. Plasma total homo-cysteine and risk of angina pectoris with subse-quent coronary bypass surgery. Am J Cardiol 1997; 79: 799–801.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans RW, Shaten J, Hempel JD, Cutler JA, Kuller LH for the MRFIT Research Group. Homocyst(e)ine and the risk of cardiovascular disease in the Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 1947–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folsom AR, Nieto J, McGovern PG, et al. Prospective study of coronary heart disease incidence in relation to fasting total homocysteine, related genetic polymorphisms, and B vitamins: the Arteriosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) study. Circulation 1998; 98: 204–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brattström L, Wilcken DE, Ohrvik J, Brudin L. Common methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase gene mutation leads to hyperhomocysteinemia but not to vascular disease: the result of a meta-analysis. Circulation 1998; 98: 2520–6.
   Google Scholar