Total pregnancy‐associated plasma protein A—a first trimester maternal serum marker for Down's syndrome: clinical and technical assessment of a poly‐monoclonal enzyme immunoassay

REFERENCES

• Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Knight GJ, Williams J, Pulkkinen A, Canick JA, Saller DN, Bowers GB. Prenatal screening for Down's syndrome with use of maternal serum markers. N Engl J Med 1998; 3327: 588–93.
   Google Scholar
• Forest JC, Masse J, Moutquin JM. Screening for Down syndrome during first trimester: a pro-spective study using free beta-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Clin Biochem 1997; 30: 333–8.
   Google Scholar
• Brambati B, Tului L, Shrimanker K, Suzuki Y, Grudzinskas JG. Serum PAPP-A and free b-HCG are first trimester screening markers for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1994; 14: 1043–9.
   Google Scholar
• Krantz DA, Larsen JW, Buchanan PD, Macri JN. First-trimester Down syndrome screening: free I3-human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 174: 612–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wald NJ, George L, Smith D, Densem JW, Pettersson K. Serum screening for Down's syn-drome between 8 and 14 weeks of pregnancy. Br J Obstet Gynecol 1996; 103: 407–12.
   Google Scholar
• Berry E, Aitken DA, Crossley JA, Macri JN, Connor JM. Screening for Down's syndrome: changes in marker levels and detection rates between first and second trimesters. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1997; 104: 811–7.
   Google Scholar
• Qin Q-P, Nguyen TH, Christiansen M, Larsen SO, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Time-resolved immuno-fluorometric assay of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A in maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome in first trimester of pregnancy. Clin Chim Acta 1996; 254: 113–29.
   Google Scholar
• Qin Q-P, Christiansen M, Oxvig C, Pettersson K, Sottrup-Jensen L, Koch C, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Double-monoclonal immunofluorometric assays for pregnancy-associated plasma protein Al proeosinophil major basic protein (PAPP-A/ proMBP) complex in first-trimester maternal serum screening for Down syndrome. Clin Chem 1997; 43: 2323–32.
   Google Scholar
• Biagiotti R, Brizzi L, Periti E, d'Agata A, Vanzi E, Cariati E. First trimester screening for Down's syndrome using maternal serum PAPP-A and free beta-hCG in combination with fetal nuchal tranlucency thickness. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1998; 105: 917–20.
   Google Scholar
• Wald NJ, Watt HC, Hacksaw AK. Integrated screening for Down's syndrome on the basis of tests performed during the first and second trimesters. N Engl J Med 1999; 341: 461–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bindra R, Heath V, Liao A, Spencer K, Nicolaides KH. One-step clinic for assessment of risk for trisomy 21 at 11-14 weeks: a prospective study of 15 030 pregnancies. Ultrasound Obstet Gynecol 2002; 20: 219–25.
   Google Scholar
• Wald NJ, Hacksaw AK. Combining ultrasound and biochemistry in first-trimester screening for Down's syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1997; 17: 821–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oxvig C, Sand 0, Kristensen T, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L. Circulating human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A is disulfide-bridged to the proform of eosinophil major basic protein. J Biol Chem 1993; 268: 12243–6.
   Google Scholar
• Oxvig C, Sand 0, Kristensen T, Kristensen L, Sottrup-Jensen L. Isolation and characterization of circulating complex between human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and proform of eosinophil major basic protein. Biochim Biophys Acta 1994; 71: 560–6.
   Google Scholar
• Overgaard MT, Haaning J, Boldt HB, Olsen IM, Laursen LS, Christiansen M, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L, Conover CA, Oxvig C. Expression of recombinant human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A and identification of the proform of eosinophil major basic protein as its physiological inhibitor. J Biol Chem 2000; 275: 31128–33.
   Google Scholar
• Conover CA, Oxvig C, Overgaard MT, Christiansen M, Giudice L. Evidence that the insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 pro-tease in human follicular fluid is pregnancy associated plasma protein-A. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1999; 84: 4742–5.
   Google Scholar
• Oxvig C, Haaning J, Kristensen L, Wagner JM, Rubin I, Stigbrand T, Gleich GJ, Sottrup-Jensen L. Identification of angiotensinogen and comple-ment C3dg as novel proteins binding proform of eosinophil major basic protein in human preg-nancy serum and plasma. J Biol Chem 1995; 270: 13645–51.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen M, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Maternal serum screening for Down's syndrome in first trimester using Schwangerschaftsprotein 1, PAPP-A/proMBP-complex and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein as markers. In: Grudzinskas JG, Chard T, editors. Screening for Down syndrome in first trimester. London: RCOG; 1997, pp. 148–62
   Google Scholar
• Mowles EA, Pinto-Furtado LG, Bolton AE. A two-site immunoradiometric assay for human pregnancy-associated plasma protein-A (PAPP-A) using monoclonal antibodies. J Immunol Meth 1986; 95: 129–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Christiansen M, Jaliashvili I, Overgaard MT, Ensinger C, Obrist P, Oxvig C. Quantification and characterization of pregnancy-associated complexes of angiotensinogen and the proform of eosinophil major basic protein in serum and amniotic fluid. Clin Chem 2000; 46: 1099–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cuckle HS, van Lith JM. Appropriate biochemical parameters in first-trimester screening for Down syndrome. Prenat Diagn 1999; 19: 505–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larsen SO, Christiansen M, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Calculation of ROC curves in multidimensional likelihood ratio based screening procedures with screening for Down's syndrome as a special case. J Med Screen 1998; 5: 57–62.
   Google Scholar
• Cuckle HS, Wald NJ, Thompson SG. Estimating a woman's risk of having a pregnancy associated with Down's syndrome using her age and serum alpha-fetoprotein level. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1987; 94: 387–402.
   Google Scholar
• van der Veen WJ, Beekhuis JR, Cornel MC, Mantingh A, de Walle HE, de Wolf BT. A demographic approach to the assessment of Down syndrome screening. Prenat Diagn 1997; 17: 717–24.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bersinger NA, Zakher A, Huber U, Pescia G, Schneider H. A sensitive enzyme immunoassay for pregnancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A): a possible first trimester method of screening for Down's syndrome and other trisomies. Arch Gynecol Obstet 1995; 256: 185–92.
   Google Scholar
• Bueler MR, Bersinger NA. Antiserum to preg-nancy-associated plasma protein A (PAPP-A) recognises human haptoglobin. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 867–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bischof P, Haenggeli L, Sizonenko MT, Hermann W, Sizonenko PC. Radioimmunoassay for the measurement of pregnancy-associated plasma pro-tein-A (PAPP-A). Biol Reprod 1981; 24: 1076–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sinosich MJ, Teisner B, Folkerson J, Saunders DN, Grudzinskas JG. Radioimmunoassay for pregnancy-associated plasma protein A. Clin Chem 1982; 28: 50–3.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen M, Olesen Larsen S. An increase in cost-effectiveness of first trimester maternal screen-ing programmes for fetal chromosome anomalies is obtained by contingent testing. Prenat Diagn 2002; 22: 482–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pettersson K, Alfthan H, Stenman UH, Turpeinen U, Suonpää M, Söderholm J, Larsen SO, Norgaard-Pedersen B. Simultaneous assay of (x-fetoprotein and free 13 subunit of human chorionic gonado-trophin by dual label time-resolved immunofluoro-metric assay. Clin Chem 1993; 39: 2084–9.
   Google Scholar
• Qin Q-P, Christiansen M, Lovgren T, Norgaard-Pedersen B, Pettersson K. Dual-label time-resolved immunofluorometric assay for simultaneous deter-mination of pregnancy-associated plasma protein A and free fl-subunit of human chorionic gonado-trophin. J Immunol Meth 1997; 295: 169–75.
   Google Scholar
• Christiansen M, Larsen S. Precision of risk in multidimensional likelihood ratio-based screening with first trimester screening for Down's syndrome as a special case. J Med Screen 2001; 8: 61–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bayes-Genis A, Conover CA, Overgaard MT, Bailey KR, Christiansen M, Holmes DR Jr, Virmani R, Oxvig C, Schwartz RS. Pregnancy-associated plasma protein A as a marker of acute coronary syndromes. N Engl J Med 2001; 345: 1022— 9.
   Google Scholar
• Bayes-Genis A, Schwartz RS, Lewis DA, Overgaard MT, Christiansen M, Oxvig C, Ashai K, Holmes DR Jr, Conover CA. Insulin-like growth factor binding protein-4 protease produced by smooth muscle cells increases in the coronary artery after angioplasty. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 335–41.
   Google Scholar