In vivo veritas: Thrombosis mechanisms in animal models

References

• Badimon L. Atherosclerosis and thrombosis: lessons from animal models. Thromb Haemost 2001; 86: 356–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leadley R. J., Jr., Chi L., Rebello S. S., Gagnon A. Contribution of in vivo models of thrombosis to the discovery and development of novel antithrombotic agents. J Pharmacol Toxicol Methods 2000; 43: 101–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Narayanaswamy M., Wright K. C., Kandarpa K. Animal models for atherosclerosis, restenosis, and endovascular graft research. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2000; 11: 5–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke S. E., Lefer A. M., Nicolaou K. C., Smith G. M., Smith J. B. Responsiveness of platelets and coronary arteries from different species to synthetic thromboxane and prostaglandin endoperoxide analogues. Br J Pharmacol 1983; 78: 287–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre P., Hamaud P., Bal dit Sollier C., Drouet V., Garfinkel L. I., Uzan A., et al. Guinea pig blood: a model for the pharmacologic modulation of the GPIb/IX‐vWF axis. Thromb Res 1996; 83: 127–36
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Strony J., Beaudoin A., Brands D., Adelman B. Analysis of shear stress and hemodynamic factors in a model of coronary artery stenosis and thrombosis. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: H1787–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harker L. A., Kelly A. B., Hanson S. R. Experimental arterial thrombosis in nonhuman primates. Circulation 1991; 83: IV41–55
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Todd M. E., McDevitt E., Goldsmith E. I. Blood‐clotting mechanisms of nonhuman primates. Choice of the baboon model to simulate man. J Med Primatol 1972; 1: 132–41
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Johnson G. J., Griggs T. R., Badimon L. The utility of animal models in the preclinical study of interventions to prevent human coronary artery restenosis: analysis and recommendations. On behalf of the Subcommittee on Animal, Cellular and Molecular Models of Thrombosis and Haemostasis of the Scientific and Standardization Committee of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis. Thromb Haemost 1999; 81: 835–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster V., Badimon L., Badimon J. J., Ip J. H., Chesebro J. H. The porcine model for the understanding of thrombogenesis and atherogenesis. Mayo Clin Proc 1991; 66: 818–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsen A. K., Hansen A. K., Jespersen J., Marckmann P., Bladbjerg E. M. The pig as a model in blood coagulation and fibrinolysis research. Scand J Lab Animal Sci 1999; 4: 214–24
   Google Scholar
• Munster A. M., Olsen A. K., Bladbjerg E. M. Usefulness of human coagulation and fibrinolysis assays in domestic pigs. Comp Med 2002; 52: 39–43
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gross D. R. Thromboembolic phenomena and the use of the pig as an appropriate animal model for research on cardiovascular devices. Int J Artif Organs 1997; 20: 195–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannan J. Recent advances in our knowledge of iron deficiency anaemia in piglets. Vet Rec 1971; 88: 181–90
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coulter D. B., Swenson M. J. Plasmatic and erythrocytic electrolytes in iron‐deficiency anemia of pigs (Sus scrofa). Comp Biochem Physiol A 1973; 44: 461–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pedersen S., Saeed I., Friis H., Michaelsen K. F. Effect of iron deficiency on Trichuris suis and Ascaris suum infections in pigs. Parasitology 2001; 122: 589–98
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Anapol F., Herring S. W. Ontogeny of histochemical fiber types and muscle function in the masseter muscle of miniature swine. Am J Phys Anthropol 2000; 112: 595–613
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dorffler‐Melly J., Schwarte L. A., Ince C., Levi M. Mouse models of focal arterial and venous thrombosis. Basic Res Cardiol 2000; 95: 503–09
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmeliet P., Moons L., Collen D. Mouse models of angiogenesis, arterial stenosis, atherosclerosis and hemostasis. Cardiovasc Res 1998; 39: 8–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badimon L. Models to study thrombotic disorders. Thromb Haemost 1997; 78: 667–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schafer K., Kaiser K., Konstantinides S. Rosuvastatin exerts favourable effects on thrombosis and neointimal growth in a mouse model of endothelial injury. Thromb Haemost 2005; 93: 145–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Festing M. F. The choice of animal model and reduction. Altern Lab Anim 2004; 32: 59–64
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jagadeeswaran P. Zebrafish: a tool to study hemostasis and thrombosis. Curr Opin Hematol 2005; 12: 149–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shah P. K. Pathophysiology of coronary thrombosis: role of plaque rupture and plaque erosion. Prog Cardiovasc Dis 2002; 44: 357–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Libby P. Coronary artery injury and the biology of atherosclerosis: inflammation, thrombosis, and stabilization. Am J Cardiol 2000; 86: 3J–8J
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karnicki K., Komorowicz E., Fass D. N., Owen W. G., McBane R. D 2nd. Influence of anatomical location on arterial thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 342–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Jang I. K., Gold H. K., Ziskind A. A., Leinbach R. C., Fallon J. T., Collen D. Prevention of platelet‐rich arterial thrombosis by selective thrombin inhibition. Circulation 1990; 81: 219–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gomez‐Jorge J., Becker G. J., Rodriguez M. M., Halgowich J., Leone J. The double‐tuck model: a new animal model of arterial thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998; 9: 633–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ritchie J. L., Hansen D. D., Johnson C., Vracko R., Auth D. C. Combined mechanical and chemical thrombolysis in an experimental animal model: evaluation by angiography and angioscopy. Am Heart J 1990; 119: 64–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folts J. An in vivo model of experimental arterial stenosis, intimal damage, and periodic thrombosis. Circulation 1991; 83: IV3–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Folts J. D., Gallagher K., Rowe G. G. Blood flow reductions in stenosed canine coronary arteries: vasospasm or platelet aggregation?. Circulation 1982; 65: 248–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golino P., Ambrosio G., Pascucci I., Ragni M., Russolillo E., Chiariello M. Experimental carotid stenosis and endothelial injury in the rabbit: an in vivo model to study intravascular platelet aggregation. Thromb Haemost 1992; 67: 302–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux S., Carteaux J. P., Hess P., Falivene L., Clozel J. P. Experimental carotid thrombosis in the guinea pig. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 252–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Samama C. M., Bonnin P., Bonneau M., Pignaud G., Mazoyer E., Bailliart O., et al. Comparative arterial antithrombotic activity of clopidogrel and acetyl salicylic acid in the pig. Thromb Haemost 1992; 68: 500–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burchenal J. E., Deible C. R., Deglau T. E., Russell A. J., Beckman E. J., Wagner W. R. Polyethylene glycol diisocyanate decreases platelet deposition after balloon injury of rabbit femoral arteries. J Thromb Thrombolysis 2002; 13: 27–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen C., Surowiec S. M., Morsy A. H., Ma M. Intraperitoneal infusion of homocysteine increases intimal hyperplasia in balloon‐injured rat carotid arteries. Atherosclerosis 2002; 160: 103–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zoldhelyi P., Chen Z. Q., Shelat H. S., McNatt J. M., Willerson J. T. Local gene transfer of tissue factor pathway inhibitor regulates intimal hyperplasia in atherosclerotic arteries. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001; 98: 4078–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kageyama S., Yamamoto H., Yoshimoto R. Anti‐human von Willebrand factor monoclonal antibody AJvW‐2 prevents thrombus deposition and neointima formation after balloon injury in guinea pigs. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 2303–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cottin Y., Kollum M., Chan R., Bhargava B., Vodovotz Y., Waksman R. Vascular repair after balloon overstretch injury in porcine model effects of intracoronary radiation. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 36: 1389–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin P. H., Chen C., Surowiec S. M., Conklin B., Bush R. L., Chaikof E. L., et al. A porcine model of carotid artery thrombosis for thrombolytic therapy and angioplasty: application of PTFE graft‐induced stenosis. J Endovasc Ther 2000; 7: 227–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wainwright C. L., Miller A. M., Wadsworth R. M. Inflammation as a key event in the development of neointima following vascular balloon injury. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2001; 28: 891–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vodovotz Y., Waksman R., Kim W. H., Bhargava B., Chan R. C., Leon M. Effects of intracoronary radiation on thrombosis after balloon overstretch injury in the porcine model. Circulation 1999; 100: 2527–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cheung W. M., D'Andrea M. R., Andrade‐Gordon P., Damiano B. P. Altered vascular injury responses in mice deficient in protease‐activated receptor‐1. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1999; 19: 3014–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindner V., Fingerle J., Reidy M. A. Mouse model of arterial injury. Circ Res 1993; 73: 792–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiss R. G., Lu H. R., Roskams T., Jang I. K., Plow E. F., Gold H. K., et al. Time course of the effects of a single bolus injection of F(ab')2 fragments of the antiplatelet GPIIb/IIIa antibody 7E3 on arterial eversion graft occlusion, platelet aggregation, and bleeding time in dogs. Arterioscler Thromb 1994; 14: 367–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gold H. K., Yasuda T., Jang I. K., Guerrero J. L., Fallon J. T., Leinbach R. C., et al. Animal models for arterial thrombolysis and prevention of reocclusion. Erythrocyte‐rich versus platelet‐rich thrombus. Circulation 1991; 83: IV26–40
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Romson J. L., Haack D. W., Lucchesi B. R. Electrical induction of coronary artery thrombosis in the ambulatory canine: a model for in vivo evaluation of anti‐thrombotic agents. Thromb Res 1980; 17: 841–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Baum P. K., Martin D., Abendschein D. A preparation to study simultaneous arterial and venous thrombus formation in rabbits. J Invest Surg 2001; 14: 153–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmeliet P., Moons L., Stassen J. M., De Mol M., Bouche A., van den Oord J. J., et al. Vascular wound healing and neointima formation induced by perivascular electric injury in mice. Am J Pathol 1997; 150: 761–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bourgain R. H., Vermarien H., Andries R., Vereecke F., Jacqueloot J., Rennies J., et al. A standardized “in vivo” model for the study of experimental arterial thrombosis: description of a method. Adv Exp Med Biol 1984; 180: 635–49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Farrehi P. M., Ozaki C. K., Carmeliet P., Fay W. P. Regulation of arterial thrombolysis by plasminogen activator inhibitor‐ 1 in mice. Circulation 1998; 97: 1002–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiler H., Lindner V., Kerlin B., Isermann B. H., Hendrickson S. B., Cooley B. C., et al. Characterization of a mouse model for thrombomodulin deficiency. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1531–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aoki T., Cox D., Senzaki K., Seki J., Tanaka A., Takasugi H., et al. Comparison of the antithrombotic effects of FK633, GPIIb/IIIa antagonist, and aspirin in a guinea pig thrombosis model. Thromb Res 1998; 89: 129–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marsh Lyle E., Lewis S. D., Lehman E. D., Gardell S. J., Motzel S. L., Lynch J. J., Jr. Assessment of thrombin inhibitor efficacy in a novel rabbit model of simultaneous arterial and venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 656–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kurz K. D., Main B. W., Sandusky G. E. Rat model of arterial thrombosis induced by ferric chloride. Thromb Res 1990; 60: 269–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y., Tomasiak R., Fay W. P. Do clinically relevant circulating concentrations of radiographic contrast agents inhibit platelet‐dependent arterial thrombosis?. Thromb Res 2002; 105: 413–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhu Y., Farrehi P. M., Fay W. P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 enhances neointima formation after oxidative vascular injury in atherosclerosis‐prone mice. Circulation 2001; 103: 3105–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miya Y., Kanda T., Tamura J., Sumino H., Kurabayashi M. A new murine model of coronary artery thrombosis and role of interleukin‐8 in the development of coronary thrombosis. Res Commun Mol Pathol Pharmacol 2000; 108: 108–15
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Denis C., Methia N., Frenette P. S., Rayburn H., Ullman‐Cullere M., Hynes R. O., et al. A mouse model of severe von Willebrand disease: defects in hemostasis and thrombosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 9524–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato M., Ohshima N. Platelet thrombus induced in vivo by filtered light and fluorescent dye in mesenteric microvessels of the rat. Thromb Res 1984; 35: 319–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laux V., Seiffge D. Platelet function in the dorsal skin fold chamber of the rat. In Vivo 1993; 7: 45–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boulnois J. L. Photophysical processes in recent medical laser developments: a review. Lasers Med Sc 1985; 1: 47–66
   Google Scholar
• Arfors K. E., Dhall D. P., Engeset J., Hint H., Matheson N. A., Tangen O. Biolaser endothelial trauma as means of quantifying platelet activity in vivo. Nature (London) 1987; 218: 887–8
   Google Scholar
• Giedrojc J., Krupinski K., Breddin H. K., Bielawiec M. Interaction between the sulfated lactobionic acid (LW 10082) and other antithrombotic agents in animal thrombosis model. Pol J Pharmacol 1996; 48: 317–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kovacs I. B., Tigyi‐Sebes A., Trombitas K., Gorog P. Evans blue: an ideal energy‐absorbing material to produce intravascular microinjury by HE‐NE gas laser. Microvasc Res 1975; 10: 107–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto J., Ishii I., Sasaki Y., Nagamatsu Y., Matsuda T., Ando E. Antithrombotic effect of ticlopidine on He‐Ne laser‐induced thrombus formation in rat mesenteric microvessels. Haemostasis 1992; 22: 147–52
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weichert W., Pauliks V., Breddin H. K. Laser‐induced thrombi in rat mesenteric vessels and antithrombotic drugs. Haemostasis 1983; 13: 61–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Zypen E., England C., Fankhauser F., Kwasniewska S. Blood flow stasis induced by cw‐Nd:YAG laser irradiation: comparative morphology of mesenteric and choroidal vessels in pigmented rabbits. Thromb Haemost 1991; 65: 87–95
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rosen E. D., Raymond S., Zollman A., Noria F., Sandoval‐Cooper M., Shulman A., et al. Laser‐induced noninvasive vascular injury models in mice generate platelet‐ and coagulation‐dependent thrombi. Am J Pathol 2001; 158: 1613–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Westrick R. J., Bodary P. F., Xu Z., Shen Y. C., Broze G. J., Eitzman D. T. Deficiency of tissue factor pathway inhibitor promotes atherosclerosis and thrombosis in mice. Circulation 2001; 103: 3044–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eitzman D. T., Westrick R. J., Xu Z., Tyson J., Ginsburg D. Hyperlipidemia promotes thrombosis after injury to atherosclerotic vessels in apolipoprotein E‐deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 1831–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Umemura K. A novel photochemical model of the middle cerebral artery for thrombosis research and evaluation of anti‐thrombotic agents. Nippon Yakurigaku Zasshi 1997; 109: 175–85
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakariassen K. S., Aarts P. A., de Groot P. G., Houdijk W. P., Sixma J. J. A perfusion chamber developed to investigate platelet interaction in flowing blood with human vessel wall cells, their extracellular matrix, and purified components. J Lab Clin Med 1983; 102: 522–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andre P., Arbeille B., Drouet V., Hainaud P., Bal dit Sollier C., Caen J. P., et al. Optimal antagonism of GPIIb/IIIa favors platelet adhesion by inhibiting thrombus growth. An ex vivo capillary perfusion chamber study in the guinea pig. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1996; 16: 56–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Badimon L., Badimon J. J. Mechanisms of arterial thrombosis in nonparallel streamlines: platelet thrombi grow on the apex of stenotic severely injured vessel wall. Experimental study in the pig model. J Clin Invest 1989; 84: 1134–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sakakibara M., Goto S., Eto K., Tamura N., Isshiki T., Handa S. Application of ex vivo flow chamber system for assessment of stent thrombosis. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 1360–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rukshin V., Shah P. K., Cercek B., Finkelstein A., Tsang V., Kaul S. Comparative antithrombotic effects of magnesium sulfate and the platelet glycoprotein IIb/IIIa inhibitors tirofiban and eptifibatide in a canine model of stent thrombosis. Circulation 2002; 105: 1970–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rukshin V., Azarbal B., Shah P. K., Tsang V. T., Shechter M., Finkelstein A., et al. Intravenous magnesium in experimental stent thrombosis in swine. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1544–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shechter M., Merz C. N., Paul‐Labrador M. J., Kaul S. Blood glucose and platelet‐dependent thrombosis in patients with coronary artery disease. J Am Coll Cardiol 2000; 35: 300–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster V., Ip J. H., Badimon L., Badimon J. J., Stein B., Chesebro J. H. Importance of experimental models for the development of clinical trials on thromboatherosclerosis. Circulation 1991; 83: IV15–25
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roque M., Rauch U., Reis E. D., Chesebro J. H., Fuster V., Badimon J. J. Comparative study of antithrombotic effect of a low molecular weight heparin and unfractionated heparin in an ex vivo model of deep arterial injury. Thromb Res 2000; 98: 499–505
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanson S. R., Paxton L. D., Harker L. A. Iliac artery mural thrombus formation. Effect of antiplatelet therapy on 111In‐platelet deposition in baboons. Arteriosclerosis 1986; 6: 511–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cadroy Y., Horbett T. A., Hanson S. R. Discrimination between platelet‐mediated and coagulation‐mediated mechanisms in a model of complex thrombus formation in vivo. J Lab Clin Med 1989; 113: 436–48
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bergqvist D., Jendteg S., Johansen L., Persson U., Odegaard K. Cost of long‐term complications of deep venous thrombosis of the lower extremities: an analysis of a defined patient population in Sweden. Ann Intern Med 1997; 126: 454–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bick R. L. Proficient and cost‐effective approaches for the prevention and treatment of venous thrombosis and thromboembolism. Drugs 2000; 60: 575–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalsing M. C., Ricotta J. J., Wakefield T., Lynch T. G., Ouriel K. Animal models for the study of lower extremity chronic venous disease: lessons learned and future needs. Ann Vasc Surg 1998; 12: 487–94
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lin P. H., Chen C., Surowiec S. M., Conklin B., Bush R. L., Lumsden A. B. Evaluation of thrombolysis in a porcine model of chronic deep venous thrombosis: an endovascular model. J Vasc Surg 2001; 33: 621–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamoto H., Vreys I., Stassen J. M., Yoshimoto R., Vermylen J., Hoylaerts M. F. Antagonism of vWF inhibits both injury induced arterial and venous thrombosis in the hamster. Thromb Haemost 1998; 79: 202–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hanson S. R., Griffin J. H., Harker L. A., Kelly A. B., Esmon C. T., Gruber A. Antithrombotic effects of thrombin‐induced activation of endogenous protein C in primates. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2003–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fredrich M., Zierz R., Morser J., Wydro R., Witt W. A new animal model of venous thrombosis in rats with low flow conditions in the venous blood stream. Blood Coagul Fibrinolysis 1994; 5: 243–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Scheinin T. M., Harjola P. T. Inferior vena caval pressure in infrarenal occlusion: effects of acute and chronic iliofemoral obstruction in the dog. Ann Med Exp Biol Fenn 1969; 47: 213–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hosaka J., Roy S., Kvernebo K., Enge I., Laerum F. Induced thrombosis in the pig inferior vena cava: a model of deep venous thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1996; 7: 395–400
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Trerotola S. O., McLennan G., Davidson D., Lane K. A., Ambrosius W. T., Lazzaro C., et al. Preclinical in vivo testing of the Arrow‐Trerotola percutaneous thrombolytic device for venous thrombosis. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001; 12: 95–103
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Roy S., Laerum F., Brosstad F., Kvernebo K., Sakariassen K. S. Animal model of acute deep vein thrombosis. Cardiovasc Intervent Radiol 1998; 21: 329–33
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hjortdal V. E., Sinclair T., Kerrigan C. L., Solymoss S. Venous ischemia in skin flaps: microcirculatory intravascular thrombosis. Plast Reconstr Surg 1994; 93: 366–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sigel B., Swami V., Can A., Parsons R. E., Golub R. M., Kolecki R., et al. Intimal hyperplasia producing thrombus organization in an experimental venous thrombosis model. J Vasc Surg 1994; 19: 350–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markou C. P., Chronos N. A., Hanson S. R. Antithrombotic effects of ionic and non‐ionic contrast media in nonhuman primates. Thromb Haemost 2001; 85: 488–93
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yokoyama T., Kelly A. B., Marzec U. M., Hanson S. R., Kunitada S., Harker L. A. Antithrombotic effects of orally active synthetic antagonist of activated factor X in nonhuman primates. Circulation 1995; 92: 485–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sato K., Kawasaki T., Hisamichi N., Taniuchi Y., Hirayama F., Koshio H., et al. Antithrombotic effects of YM‐60828, a newly synthesized factor Xa inhibitor, in rat thrombosis models and its effects on bleeding time. Br J Pharmacol 1998; 123: 92–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eitzman D. T., Westrick R. J., Shen Y., Bodary P. F., Gu S., Manning S. L., et al. Homozygosity for factor V Leiden leads to enhanced thrombosis and atherosclerosis in mice. Circulation 2005; 111: 1733–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ueshima S., Matsuno H., Hayashi M., Horibuchi K., Okada K., Fukao H., et al. Function of tissue‐type plasminogen activator releaser on vascular endothelial cells and thrombolysis in vivo. Thromb Haemost 2002; 87: 1069–74
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Frisbie J. H. An animal model for venous thrombosis and spontaneous pulmonary embolism. Spinal Cord 2005; 43: 635–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smith L. H., Dixon J. D., Stringham J. R., Eren M., Elokdah H., Crandall D. L., et al. Pivotal role of PAI‐1 in a murine model of hepatic vein thrombosis. Blood 2006; 107: 132–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dupe R. J., English P. D., Smith R. A., Green J. The evaluation of plasmin and streptokinase activator complexes in a new rabbit model of venous thrombosis. Thromb Haemost 1981; 46: 528–34
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Levi M., Biemond B. J., van Zonneveld A. J., ten Cate J. W., Pannekoek H. Inhibition of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 activity results in promotion of endogenous thrombolysis and inhibition of thrombus extension in models of experimental thrombosis. Circulation 1992; 85: 305–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernat A., Sainte‐Marie M., Roque C., Ingelaere V., Maffrand J. P., Herbert J. M. Low doses of endotoxin potentiate venous thrombosis in the rabbit. Haemostasis 1994; 24: 209–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Herbert J. M., Bernat A., Dol F., Herault J. P., Crepon B., Lormeau J. C. DX 9065A a novel, synthetic, selective and orally active inhibitor of factor Xa: in vitro and in vivo studies. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1996; 276: 1030–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furugohri T., Shiozaki Y., Muramatsu S., Honda Y., Matsumoto C., Isobe K., et al. Different antithrombotic properties of factor Xa inhibitor and thrombin inhibitor in rat thrombosis models. Eur J Pharmacol 2005; 514: 35–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierangeli S. S., Barker J. H., Stikovac D., Ackerman D., Anderson G., Barquinero J., et al. Effect of human IgG antiphospholipid antibodies on an in vivo thrombosis model in mice. Thromb Haemost 1994; 71: 670–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kang C., Bonneau M., Brouland J. P., Bal dit Sollier C., Drouet L. In vivo pig models of venous thrombosis mimicking human disease. Thromb Haemost 2003; 89: 256–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smyth S. S., Reis E. D., Vaananen H., Zhang W., Coller B. S. Variable protection of beta 3‐integrin‐deficient mice from thrombosis initiated by different mechanisms. Blood 2001; 98: 1055–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Barazzone C., Belin D., Piguet P. F., Vassalli J. D., Sappino A. P. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 in acute hyperoxic mouse lung injury. J Clin Invest 1996; 98: 2666–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan S. F., Zou Y. S., Gao Y., Zhai C., Mackman N., Lee S. L., et al. Tissue factor transcription driven by Egr‐1 is a critical mechanism of murine pulmonary fibrin deposition in hypoxia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998; 95: 8298–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adachi Y., Inaba M., Amoh Y., Yoshifusa H., Nakamura Y., Suzuka H., et al. Effect of bone marrow transplantation on antiphospholipid antibody syndrome in murine lupus mice. Immunobiology 1995; 192: 218–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Paepe M. E., Trudel M. The transgenic SAD mouse: a model of human sickle cell glomerulopathy. Kidney Int 1994; 46: 1337–45
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodivala‐Dilke K. M., McHugh K. P., Tsakiris D. A., Rayburn H., Crowley D., Ullman‐Cullere M., et al. Beta3‐integrin‐deficient mice are a model for Glanzmann thrombasthenia showing placental defects and reduced survival. J Clin Invest 1999; 103: 229–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holvoet P., Collen D. Thrombosis and atherosclerosis. Curr Opin Lipidol 1997; 8: 320–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palabrica T. M., Liu A. C., Aronovitz M. J., Furie B., Lawn R. M., Furie B. C. Antifibrinolytic activity of apolipoprotein(a) in vivo: human apolipoprotein(a) transgenic mice are resistant to tissue plasminogen activator‐mediated thrombolysis. Nat Med 1995; 1: 256–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Konstantinides S., Schafer K., Koschnick S., Loskutoff D. J. Leptin‐dependent platelet aggregation and arterial thrombosis suggests a mechanism for atherothrombotic disease in obesity. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 1533–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bodary P. F., Westrick R. J., Wickenheiser K. J., Shen Y., Eitzman D. T. Effect of leptin on arterial thrombosis following vascular injury in mice. JAMA 2002; 287: 1706–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu Q., Zhao Z. Inhibition of PAI‐1: a new anti‐thrombotic approach. Curr Drug Targets Cardiovasc Haematol Disord 2002; 2: 27–42
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmeliet P., Schoonjans L., Kieckens L., Ream B., Degen J., Bronson R., et al. Physiological consequences of loss of plasminogen activator gene function in mice. Nature 1994; 368: 419–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Christie P. D., Edelberg J. M., Picard M. H., Foulkes A. S., Mamuya W., Weiler‐Guettler H., et al. A murine model of myocardial microvascular thrombosis. J Clin Invest 1999; 104: 533–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Carmeliet P., Stassen J. M., Schoonjans L., Ream B., van den Oord J. J., De Mol M., et al. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 gene‐deficient mice. II. Effects on hemostasis, thrombosis, and thrombolysis. J Clin Invest 1993; 92: 2756–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kato H. Regulation of functions of vascular wall cells by tissue factor pathway inhibitor: basic and clinical aspects. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2002; 22: 539–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He L., Vicente C. P., Westrick R. J., Eitzman D. T., Tollefsen D. M. Heparin cofactor II inhibits arterial thrombosis after endothelial injury. J Clin Invest 2002; 109: 213–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosen E. D., Chan J. C., Idusogie E., Clotman F., Vlasuk G., Luther T., et al. Mice lacking factor VII develop normally but suffer fatal perinatal bleeding. Nature 1997; 390: 290–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui J., O'Shea K. S., Purkayastha A., Saunders T. L., Ginsburg D. Fatal haemorrhage and incomplete block to embryogenesis in mice lacking coagulation factor V. Nature 1996; 384: 66–68
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewerchin M., Liang Z., Moons L., Carmeliet P., Castellino F. J., Collen D., et al. Blood coagulation factor X deficiency causes partial embryonic lethality and fatal neonatal bleeding in mice. Thromb Haemost 2000; 83: 185–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bi L., Lawler A. M., Antonarakis S. E., High K. A., Gearhart J. D., Kazazian H. H., Jr. Targeted disruption of the mouse factor VIII gene produces a model of haemophilia A. Nat Genet 1995; 10: 119–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang L., Zoppe M., Hackeng T. M., Griffin J. H., Lee K. F., Verma I. M. A factor IX‐deficient mouse model for hemophilia B gene therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1997; 94: 11563–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Khallou‐Laschet J., Caligiuri G., Tupin E., Gaston A. T., Poirier B., Groyer E., et al. Role of the intrinsic coagulation pathway in atherogenesis assessed in hemophilic apolipoprotein E knockout mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005; 25: e123–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Evans J. P., Brinkhous K. M., Brayer G. D., Reisner H. M., High K. A. Canine hemophilia B resulting from a point mutation with unusual consequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1989; 86: 10095–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivdasani R. A., Rosenblatt M. F., Zucker‐Franklin D., Jackson C. W., Hunt P., Saris C. J., Orkin S. H. Transcription factor NF‐E2 is required for platelet formation independent of the actions of thrombopoietin/MGDF in megakaryocyte development. Cell 1995; 81: 695–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lay A. J., Liang Z., Rosen E. D., Castellino F. J. Mice with a severe deficiency in protein C display prothrombotic and proinflammatory phenotypes and compromised maternal reproductive capabilities. J Clin Invest 2005; 115: 1552–61
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weiler H. Mouse models of thrombosis: thrombomodulin. Thromb Haemost 2004; 92: 467–77
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Healy A. M., Hancock W. W., Christie P. D., Rayburn H. B., Rosenberg R. D. Intravascular coagulation activation in a murine model of thrombomodulin deficiency: effects of lesion size, age, and hypoxia on fibrin deposition. Blood 1998; 92: 4188–97
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Isermann B., Hendrickson S. B., Zogg M., Wing M., Cummiskey M., Kisanuki Y. Y., et al. Endothelium‐specific loss of murine thrombomodulin disrupts the protein C anticoagulant pathway and causes juvenile‐onset thrombosis. J Clin Invest 2001; 108: 537–46
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waugh J. M., Kattash M., Li J., Yuksel E., Kuo M. D., Lussier M., et al. Gene therapy to promote thromboresistance: local overexpression of tissue plasminogen activator to prevent arterial thrombosis in an in vivo rabbit model. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999; 96: 1065–70
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasenstab D., Lea H., Hart C. E., Lok S., Clowes A. W. Tissue factor overexpression in rat arterial neointima models thrombosis and progression of advanced atherosclerosis. Circulation 2000; 101: 2651–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ikeda U., Hojo Y., Shimada K. Tissue factor overexpression in rat arterial neointima models: thrombosis and progression of advanced atherosclerosis. Circulation 2001; 103: E59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Waugh J. M., Yuksel E., Li J., Kuo M. D., Kattash M., Saxena R., et al. Local overexpression of thrombomodulin for in vivo prevention of arterial thrombosis in a rabbit model. Circ Res 1999; 84: 84–92
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Taylor S. M., Reilly M. P., Schreiber A. D., Chien P., Tuckosh J. R., McKenzie S. E. Thrombosis and shock induced by activating antiplatelet antibodies in human Fc gamma RIIA transgenic mice: the interplay among antibody, spleen, and Fc receptor. Blood 2000; 96: 4254–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eitzman D. T., Westrick R. J., Nabel E. G., Ginsburg D. Plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 and vitronectin promote vascular thrombosis in mice. Blood 2000; 95: 577–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawasaki T., Dewerchin M., Lijnen H. R., Vermylen J., Hoylaerts M. F. Vascular release of plasminogen activator inhibitor‐1 impairs fibrinolysis during acute arterial thrombosis in mice. Blood 2000; 96: 153–60
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hasenstab D., Lea H., Clowes A. W. Local plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 overexpression in rat carotid artery enhances thrombosis and endothelial regeneration while inhibiting intimal thickening. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 853–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angelillo‐Scherrer A., de Frutos P., Aparicio C., Melis E., Savi P., Lupu F., et al. Deficiency or inhibition of Gas6 causes platelet dysfunction and protects mice against thrombosis. Nat Med 2001; 7: 215–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuster V., Griggs T. R. Porcine von Willebrand disease: implications for the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Prog Hemost Thromb 1986; 8: 159–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nichols T. C., Bellinger D. A., Johnson T. A., Lamb M. A., Griggs T. R. von Willebrand's disease prevents occlusive thrombosis in stenosed and injured porcine coronary arteries. Circ Res 1986; 59: 15–26
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bugge T. H., Flick M. J., Daugherty C. C., Degen J. L. Plasminogen deficiency causes severe thrombosis but is compatible with development and reproduction. Genes Dev 1995; 9: 794–807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh I., Smith A., Vanzieleghem B., Collen D., Burnand K., Saint‐Remy J. M., et al. Antithrombotic effects of controlled inhibition of factor VIII with a partially inhibitory human monoclonal antibody in a murine vena cava thrombosis model. Blood 2002; 99: 3235–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu K. K. Prostacyclin and nitric oxide‐related gene transfer in preventing arterial thrombosis and restenosis. Agents Actions 1997; Suppl 48: 107–23
   Google Scholar
• Handy D. E., Loscalzo J. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis: diagnosis and treatment. Curr Atheroscler Rep 2003; 5: 276–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou J., Møller J., Danielsen C. C., Bentzon J., Ravn H. B., Austin R. C., et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia promotes the development of collagen‐rich and stable plaques in apoE‐deficient mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2001; 21: 1470–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J., Møller J., Ritskes‐Hoitinga M., Larsen M. L., Austin R. C., et al. Effects of vitamin supplementation and hyperhomocysteinemia on atherosclerosis in apoE‐deficient mice. Atherosclerosis 2003; 168: 255–62
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang H., Jiang X., Yang F., Gaubatz J. W., Ma L., Magera M. J., et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia accelerates atherosclerosis in cystathionine betasynthase and apolipoprotein E double knock‐out mice with and without dietary perturbation. Blood 2003; 101: 3901–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann M. A., Lalla E., Lu Y., Gleason M. R., Wolf B. M., Tanji N., et al. Hyperhomocysteinemia enhances vascular inflammation and accelerates atherosclerosis in a murine model. J Clin Invest 2001; 107: 675–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watanabe M., Osada J., Aratani Y., Kluckman K., Reddick R., Malinow M. R., et al. Mice deficient in cystathionine beta‐synthase: animal models for mild and severe homocyst(e)inemia. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92: 1585–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCully K. S. Homocysteine and vascular disease. Nat Med 1996; 2: 386–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mudd S. H., Levy H. L., Skovby F. Disorders of transsulfuration. The metabolic basis for inherited disease, C. R Scriver, A. L Beadet, W. S Sly, D Vallee. McGraw‐Hill, , New York 1989
   Google Scholar
• Selhub J., Jacques P. F., Bostom A. G., D'Agostino R. B., Wilson P. W., Belanger A. J., et al. Association between plasma homocysteine concentrations and extracranial carotid‐artery stenosis. N Engl J Med 1995; 332: 286–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ueland P. M., Refsum H., Beresford S. A. A., Vollset S. E. The controversy over homocysteine and cardiovascular risk. Am J Clin Nutr 2000; 72: 324–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welch G. N., Loscalzo J. N. Homocysteine and atherothrombosis. N Engl J Med 1998; 338: 1042–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilcken D. E. L., Dudman N. P. B. Homocystinuria and atherosclerosis. Molecular genetics of coronary artery disease; candidate genes and process in atherosclerosis. Monograms in human genetics, A. J Lusis, J. I Rotter, R. S Sparkes. Karger, , New York 1992
   Google Scholar
• Eberhardt R. T., Forgione M. A., Cap A., Leopold J. A., Rudd M. A., Tolliet M., et al. Endothelial dysfunction in a murine model of mild hyperhomocyst(e)inemia. J Clin Invest 2000; 106: 483–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang D., Kredan M. B., Moat S. J., Hussain S. A., Powell C. A., Bellamy M. F., et al. Homocysteine‐induced inhibition of endothelium‐dependent relaxation in rabbit aorta: role for superoxide anions. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2000; 20: 422–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ambrosi P., Rolland P. H., Bodard H., Barlatier A., Charpiot P., Guisgand G., et al. Effects of folate supplementation in hyperhomocysteinemic pigs. J Am Coll Cardiol 1999; 34: 274–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lentz S. R., Erger R. A., Dayal S., Maeda N., Malinow M. R., Heistad D. D., et al. Folate dependence of hyperhomocysteinemia and vascular dysfunction in cystathionine beta‐synthase‐deficient mice. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2000; 279: H970–H5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lentz S. R., Malinow M. R., Piegors D. J., Bhopatkar‐Teredesai M., Faraci F. M., Heistad D. D. Consequences of hyperhomocyst(e)inemia on vascular function in atherosclerotic monkeys. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 1997; 17: 2930–4
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lentz S. R., Piegors D. J., Malinow R. M., Heistad D. D. Supplementation of atherogenic diet with B vitamins does not prevent atherosclerosis or vascular dysfunction in monkeys. Circulation 2001; 103: 1006–11
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen Z., Karaplis A. C., Ackerman S. L., Pogribny I. P., Melnyk S., Lussier‐Cacan S., et al. Mice deficient in methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase exhibit hyperhomocysteinemia and decreased methylation capacity, with neuropathology and aortic lipid deposition. Hum Mol Genet 2001; 10: 433–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Nigris F., Lerman A., Ignarro L. J., Williams‐Ignarro S., Sica V., Baker A. H., et al. Oxidation‐sensitive mechanisms, vascular apoptosis and atherosclerosis. Trends Mol Med 2003; 9: 351–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ignarro L. J., Napoli C. Novel features of nitric oxide, endothelial nitric oxide synthase, and atherosclerosis. Curr Diab Rep 2005; 5: 17–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steinberg D. The pathogenesis of atherosclerosis: an interpretive history of the cholesterol controversy, part III: mechanistically defining the role of hyperlipidemia. J Lipid Res 2005; 46: 2037–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Celi A., Merrill‐Skoloff G., Gross P., Falati S., Sim D. S., Flaumenhaft R., et al. Thrombus formation: direct real‐time observation and digital analysis of thrombus assembly in a living mouse by confocal and widefield intravital microscopy. J Thromb Haemost 2003; 1: 60–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falati S., Gross P., Merrill‐Skoloff G., Furie B. C., Furie B. Real‐time in vivo imaging of platelets, tissue factor and fibrin during arterial thrombus formation in the mouse. Nat Med 2002; 8: 1175–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maguire P. B. Platelet proteomics: identification of potential therapeutic targets. Pathophysiol Haemost Thromb 2004; 33: 481–6
   Google Scholar
• Nutescu E., Singh‐Khalsa M. Heparin Consensus Group. Treatment of venous thromboembolism: challenging the unfractionated heparin standard. Pharmacotherapy 2004; 24: 127S–31S
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fareed J., Ma Q., Florian M., Maddineni J., Iqbal O., Hoppensteadt D. A., et al. Differentiation of low‐molecular‐weight heparins: impact on the future of the management of thrombosis. Semin Thromb Hemost 2004; 30(Suppl 1)89–104
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Valanzano A. Rules of good practice in the care of laboratory animals used in biomedical research. Ann Ist Super Sanita 2004; 40: 201–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Flecknell P. Replacement, reduction and refinement. ALTEX 2002; 19: 73–8
   PubMedGoogle Scholar