675
Views
9
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Invited Review

Frequency and outcomes of maternal thyroid function abnormalities in early pregnancy

Pages 99-107 | Received 02 Aug 2018, Accepted 02 Dec 2018, Published online: 08 Jan 2019

References

  • Jolving LR, Nielsen J, Kesmodel US, et al. Prevalence of maternal chronic diseases during pregnancy—a nationwide population based study from 1989 to 2013. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2016;95:1295–1304.
  • Effraimidis G, Wiersinga WM. Mechanisms in endocrinology: autoimmune thyroid disease: old and new players. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:R241–R252.
  • Carle A, Laurberg P, Pedersen IB, et al. Epidemiology of subtypes of hypothyroidism in Denmark. Eur J Endocrinol. 2006;154:21–28.
  • Carle A, Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, et al. Epidemiology of subtypes of hyperthyroidism in Denmark: a population-based study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2011;164:801–809.
  • Ross DS, Burch HB, Cooper DS, et al. 2016 American Thyroid Association Guidelines for diagnosis and management of hyperthyroidism and other causes of thyrotoxicosis. Thyroid. 2016;26:1343–1421.
  • Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American Thyroid Association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27:315–389.
  • Laurberg P, Andersen SL. Endocrinology in pregnancy: pregnancy and the incidence, diagnosing and therapy of Graves' disease. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175:R219–R230.
  • Bernal J. Thyroid hormone regulated genes in cerebral cortex development. J Endocrinol. 2017;232:R83–R97.
  • Morreale de Escobar G, Obregón MJ, Escobar del Rey F. Is neuropsychological development related to maternal hypothyroidism or to maternal hypothyroxinemia? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2000;85:3975–3987.
  • Andersen SL, Carle A, Karmisholt J, et al. Mechanisms in endocrinology: neurodevelopmental disorders in children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction: evidence of fetal programming? Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177:R27–R36.
  • Haddow JE, Palomaki GE, Allan WC, et al. Maternal thyroid deficiency during pregnancy and subsequent neuropsychological development of the child. N Engl J Med. 1999;341:549–555.
  • Pop VJ, Kuijpens JL, van Baar AL, et al. Low maternal free thyroxine concentrations during early pregnancy are associated with impaired psychomotor development in infancy. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 1999;50:149–155.
  • Glinoer D. The systematic screening and management of hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism during pregnancy. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 1998;9:403–411.
  • Korevaar TI, Muetzel R, Medici M, et al. Association of maternal thyroid function during early pregnancy with offspring IQ and brain morphology in childhood: a population-based prospective cohort study. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2016;4:35–43.
  • Lazarus JH, Bestwick JP, Channon S, et al. Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. N Engl J Med. 2012;366:493–501.
  • Casey BM, Thom EA, Peaceman AM, et al. Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Maternal-Fetal Medicine Units Network. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:815–825.
  • Cooper DS, Pearce EN. Subclinical hypothyroidism and hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy – still no answers. N Engl J Med. 2017;376:876–877.
  • Andersen SL, Olsen J, Laurberg P. Foetal programming by maternal thyroid disease. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2015;83:751–758.
  • Barker DJ, Winter PD, Osmond C, et al. Weight in infancy and death from ischaemic heart disease. Lancet. 1989;2:577–580.
  • Hales CN, Barker DJ, Clark PM, et al. Fetal and infant growth and impaired glucose tolerance at age 64. BMJ. 1991;303:1019–1022.
  • Bianco AC, Salvatore D, Gereben B, et al. Biochemistry, cellular and molecular biology, and physiological roles of the iodothyronine selenodeiodinases. Endocr Rev. 2002;23:38–89.
  • Ahmed OM, Abd El-Tawab SM, Ahmed RG. Effects of experimentally induced maternal hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism on the development of rat offspring: I. The development of the thyroid hormones-neurotransmitters and adenosinergic system interactions. Int J Dev Neurosci. 2010;28:437–454.
  • Pharoah PO, Buttfield IH, Hetzel BS. Neurological damage to the fetus resulting from severe iodine deficiency during pregnancy. Lancet. 1971;1:308–310.
  • Laurberg P, Cerqueira C, Ovesen L, et al. Iodine intake as a determinant of thyroid disorders in populations. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24:13–27.
  • Jepsen P, Johnsen SP, Gillman MW, et al. Interpretation of observational studies. Heart. 2004;90:956–960.
  • Olsen J, Bronnum-Hansen H, Gissler M, et al. High-throughput epidemiology: combining existing data from the Nordic countries in health-related collaborative research. Scand J Public Health. 2010;38:777–779.
  • Andersen SL, Olsen J, Carle A, et al. Hyperthyroidism incidence fluctuates widely in and around pregnancy and is at variance with some other autoimmune diseases: a Danish Population-Based Study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2015;100:1164–1171.
  • Andersen SL, Carle A, Olsen J, et al. Hypothyroidism incidence in and around pregnancy: a Danish nationwide study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175:387–393.
  • Weetman AP. The immunology of pregnancy. Thyroid. 1999;9:643–646.
  • Amino N, Tada H, Hidaka Y. Postpartum autoimmune thyroid syndrome: a model of aggravation of autoimmune disease. Thyroid. 1999;9:705–713.
  • Cooper DS, Laurberg P. Hyperthyroidism in pregnancy. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol. 2013;1:238–249.
  • Amino N, Tanizawa O, Mori H, et al. Aggravation of thyrotoxicosis in early pregnancy and after delivery in Graves' disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 1982;55:108–112.
  • Andersen SL, Laurberg P, Wu CS, et al. Maternal thyroid dysfunction and risk of seizure in the child: a Danish nationwide cohort study. J Pregnancy. 2013;636705.
  • Andersen SL, Laurberg P, Wu CS, et al. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and autism spectrum disorder in children born to mothers with thyroid dysfunction: a Danish nationwide cohort study. BJOG. 2014;121:1365–1374.
  • Burrow GN, Fisher DA, Larsen PR. Maternal and fetal thyroid function. N Engl J Med. 1994;331:1072–1078.
  • Korevaar TI, Steegers EA, de Rijke YB, et al. Reference ranges and determinants of total hCG levels during pregnancy: the Generation R Study. Eur J Epidemiol. 2015;30:1057–1066.
  • Hershman JM. Physiological and pathological aspects of the effect of human chorionic gonadotropin on the thyroid. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18:249–265.
  • Huang SA, Dorfman DM, Genest DR, et al. Type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase is highly expressed in the human uteroplacental unit and in fetal epithelium. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2003;88:1384–1388.
  • Laurberg P, Andersen SL, Pedersen IB, et al. Screening for overt thyroid disease in early pregnancy may be preferable to searching for small aberrations in thyroid function tests. Clin Endocrinol. 2013;79:297–304.
  • Andersen SL, Laurberg P. Thyroidea funktionsanalyser i Danmark. DSKB-Nyt. 2016;2:28–30.
  • Faix JD. Principles and pitfalls of free hormone measurements. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;27:631–645.
  • Welsh KJ, Soldin SJ. Diagnosis of endocrine disease: how reliable are free thyroid and total T3 hormone assays? Eur J Endocrinol. 2016;175:R255–R263.
  • Lee RH, Spencer CA, Mestman JH, et al. Free T4 immunoassays are flawed during pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2009;200:1–6.
  • Bliddal S, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Boas M, et al. Gestational age-specific reference ranges from different laboratories misclassify pregnant women's thyroid status: comparison of two longitudinal prospective cohort studies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170:329–339.
  • Pedersen IB, Knudsen N, Jorgensen T, et al. Thyroid peroxidase and thyroglobulin autoantibodies in a large survey of populations with mild and moderate iodine deficiency. Clin Endocrinol. 2003;58:36–42.
  • Dashe JS, Casey BM, Wells CE, et al. Thyroid-stimulating hormone in singleton and twin pregnancy: importance of gestational age-specific reference ranges. Obstet Gynecol. 2005;106:753–757.
  • Stricker R, Echenard M, Eberhart R, et al. Evaluation of maternal thyroid function during pregnancy: the importance of using gestational age-specific reference intervals. Eur J Endocrinol. 2007;157:509–514.
  • Mannisto T, Surcel HM, Ruokonen A, et al. Early pregnancy reference intervals of thyroid hormone concentrations in a thyroid antibody-negative pregnant population. Thyroid. 2011;21:291–298.
  • Shen FX, Xie ZW, Lu SM, et al. Gestational thyroid reference intervals in antibody-negative Chinese women. Clin Biochem. 2014;47:673–675.
  • Li C, Shan Z, Mao J, et al. Assessment of thyroid function during first-trimester pregnancy: what is the rational upper limit of serum TSH during the first trimester in Chinese pregnant women? J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:73–79.
  • Laurberg P, Andersen SL, Hindersson P, et al. Dynamics and predictors of serum TSH and fT4 reference limits in early pregnancy: a study within the Danish National Birth Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101:2484–2492.
  • Liu J, Yu X, Xia M, et al. Development of gestation-specific reference intervals for thyroid hormones in normal pregnant Northeast Chinese women: what is the rational division of gestation stages for establishing reference intervals for pregnancy women? Clin Biochem. 2017;50:309–317.
  • Olsen J, Melbye M, Olsen SF, et al. The Danish National Birth Cohort-its background, structure and aim. Scand J Public Health. 2001;29:300–307.
  • Mannisto T, Surcel HM, Bloigu A, et al. The effect of freezing, thawing, and short- and long-term storage on serum thyrotropin, thyroid hormones, and thyroid autoantibodies: implications for analyzing samples stored in serum banks. Clin Chem. 2007;53:1986–1987.
  • Mannisto T, Suvanto E, Surcel HM, et al. Thyroid hormones are stable even during prolonged frozen storage. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2010;48:1669–1670. Author reply 1671–1672.
  • Andersen SL, Olsen J. Early pregnancy thyroid function test abnormalities in Biobank sera from women clinically diagnosed with thyroid dysfunction before or after pregnancy. Thyroid. 2017;27:451–459.
  • Thapar A, Cooper M, Rutter M. Neurodevelopmental disorders. Lancet Psychiatry. 2017;4:339–346.
  • Andersen SL, Andersen S, Vestergaard P, et al. Maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy and child neurodevelopmental disorders: a Danish nationwide case-cohort study. Thyroid. 2018;28:537–546.
  • Bachmann CJ, Wijlaars LP, Kalverdijk LJ, et al. Trends in ADHD medication use in children and adolescents in five western countries, 2005–2012. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol. 2017;27:484–493.
  • Krassas GE, Poppe K, Glinoer D. Thyroid function and human reproductive health. Endocr Rev. 2010;31:702–755.
  • Hvidtjorn D, Grove J, Schendel D, et al. Risk of autism spectrum disorders in children born after assisted conception: a population-based follow-up study. J Epidemiol Community Health. 2011;65:497–502.
  • Sandin S, Nygren KG, Iliadou A, et al. Autism and mental retardation among offspring born after in vitro fertilization. JAMA. 2013;310:75–84.
  • Kettner LO, Kesmodel US, Ramlau-Hansen CH, et al. Fertility treatment and childhood epilepsy: a nationwide cohort study. Epidemiology. 2017;28:412–418.
  • Kesmodel US, Underbjerg M, Kilburn TR, et al. Lifestyle during pregnancy: neurodevelopmental effects at 5 years of age. The design and implementation of a prospective follow-up study. Scand J Public Health. 2010;38:208–219.
  • Andersen SL, Andersen S, Liew Z, et al. Maternal thyroid function in early pregnancy and neuropsychological performance of the child at 5 years of age. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2018;103:660–670.
  • Auso E, Lavado-Autric R, Cuevas E, et al. A moderate and transient deficiency of maternal thyroid function at the beginning of fetal neocorticogenesis alters neuronal migration. Endocrinology. 2004;145:4037–4047.
  • Gilbert ME, Ramos RL, McCloskey DP, et al. Subcortical band heterotopia in rat offspring following maternal hypothyroxinaemia: structural and functional characteristics. J Neuroendocrinol. 2014;26:528–541.
  • Brown AS, Surcel HM, Hinkka-Yli-Salomaki S, et al. Maternal thyroid autoantibody and elevated risk of autism in a national birth cohort. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry. 2015;57:86–92.
  • Chen SW, Zhong XS, Jiang LN, et al. Maternal autoimmune diseases and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Behav Brain Res. 2016;296:61–69.
  • Modesto T, Tiemeier H, Peeters RP, et al. Maternal mild thyroid hormone insufficiency in early pregnancy and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder symptoms in children. JAMA Pediatr. 2015;169:838–845.
  • Pakkila F, Mannisto T, Pouta A, et al. The impact of gestational thyroid hormone concentrations on ADHD symptoms of the child. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99:E1–E8.
  • Ghassabian A, Bongers-Schokking JJ, de Rijke YB, et al. Maternal thyroid autoimmunity during pregnancy and the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity problems in children: the Generation R Study. Thyroid. 2012;22:178–186.
  • Oostenbroek MHW, Kersten RHJ, Tros B, et al. Maternal hypothyroxinaemia in early pregnancy and problem behavior in 5-year-old offspring. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2017;81:29–35.
  • Andersen SL, Olsen J, Wu CS, et al. Birth defects after early pregnancy use of antithyroid drugs: a Danish nationwide study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98:4373–4381.
  • Andersen SL, Lonn S, Vestergaard P, et al. Birth defects after use of antithyroid drugs in early pregnancy: a Swedish nationwide study. Eur J Endocrinol. 2017;177:369–378.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.