The assessment of serum ACE activity in COVID-19 and its association with clinical features and severity of the disease

References

• Forni D, Cagliani R, Clerici M, et al. Molecular evolution of human coronavirus genomes. Trends Microbiol. 2017;25(1):35–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rothan HA, Byrareddy SN. The epidemiology and pathogenesis of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) outbreak. J Autoimmun. 2020; 109:102433.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou P, Yang XL, Wang XG, et al. A pneumonia outbreak associated with a new coronavirus of probable bat origin. Nature. 2020;579(7798):270–273.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• World Health Organization. 2020. Naming the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) and the virus that causes it [Internet]. Geneva (Switzerland): WHO; 2020 [cited 2020 May 21]. Available from: https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/technical-guidance/naming-the-coronavirus-disease-(covid-2019)-and-the-virus-that-causes-it
   Google Scholar
• Xu Z, Shi L, Wang Y, et al. Pathological findings of COVID-19 associated with acute respiratory distress syndrome. Lancet Resp Med. 2020;8(4):420–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Hu B, Hu C, et al. Clinical characteristics of 138 hospitalized patients with 2019 novel coronavirus-infected pneumonia in Wuhan, China. JAMA. 2020;323(11):1061–1069.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan WJ, Ni ZY, Hu Y, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 in China. N Engl J Med. 2020;382(18):1708–1720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson S, Hirsch JS, Narasimhan M, et al. Presenting characteristics, comorbidities, and outcomes among 5700 patients hospitalized with COVID-19 in the New York City area. JAMA. 2020;323(20):2052.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng Z, Peng F, Xu B, et al. Risk factors of critical & mortal COVID-19 cases: a systematic literature review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;81(2):e16–e25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mehra MR, Desai SS, Kuy S, et al. Cardiovascular disease, drug therapy, and mortality in COVID-19. N Engl J Med. 2020;382:e102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fu L, Wang B, Yuan T, et al. Clinical characteristics of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in China: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Infect. 2020;80(6):656–665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ashour HM, Elkhatib WF, Rahman M, et al. Insights into the recent 2019 novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in light of past human coronavirus outbreaks. Pathogens. 2020;9(3):186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Masters PS. The molecular biology of coronaviruses. Adv Virus Res. 2006;66:193–292.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu H, Zhong L, Deng J, et al. High expression of ACE2 receptor of 2019-nCoV on the epithelial cells of oral mucosa. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):8–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santos RAS, Oudit GY, Verano-Braga T, et al. The renin-angiotensin system: going beyond the classical paradigms. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. 2019;316(5):H958–H970.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao Y, Zhao Z, Wang Y, et al. Single-cell RNA expression profiling of ACE2, the receptor of SARS-CoV-2. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2020;202(5):756–759.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuba K, Imai Y, Rao S, et al. A crucial role of angiotensin converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) in SARS coronavirus-induced lung injury. Nat Med. 2005;11(8):875–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tufan A, Avanoğlu Güler A, Matucci-Cerinic M. COVID-19, immune system response, hyperinflammation and repurposing antirheumatic drugs. Turk J Med Sci. 2020;50(SI-1):620–632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipnis SR, Hooper NM, Hyde R, et al. A human homolog of angiotensin-converting enzyme cloning and functional expression as a captopril-insensitive carboxypeptidase. J Biol Chem. 2000;275(43):33238–33243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sparks MA, Crowley SD, Gurley SB, et al. Classical renin‐angiotensin system in kidney physiology. Compr Physiol. 2011;4:1201–1228.
   Google Scholar
• Verdecchia P, Cavallini C, Spanevello A, et al. The pivotal link between ACE2 deficiency and SARS-CoV-2 infection. Eur J Intern Med. 2020;76:14–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imai Y, Kuba K, Rao S, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 protects from severe acute lung failure. Nature. 2005;436(7047):112–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Pan Y, Fanelli V, et al. Mechanical stress and the induction of lung fibrosis via the midkine signaling pathway. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2015;192(3):315–323.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wösten‐van Asperen RM, Lutter R, Specht PA, et al. Acute respiratory distress syndrome leads to reduced ratio of ACE/ACE2 activities and is prevented by angiotensin-(1-7) or an angiotensin II receptor antagonist. J Pathol. 2011;225(4):618–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y, Yang Y, Zhang C, et al. Clinical and biochemical indexes from 2019-nCoV infected patients linked to viral loads and lung injury. Sci China Life Sci. 2020;63(3):364–374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• covid19bilgi.saglik.gov [Internet]. Ankara (Turkey): Saglik; 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https://covid19bilgi.saglik.gov.tr/depo/algoritmalar/COVID19PLKACILHASTAYONETIMI.pdf
   Google Scholar
• hsgm.saglik.gov [Internet]. COVID-19 (SARS-Cov-2 INFECTION) GUİDE. Ankara (Turkey): Saglik; 2020 [cited 2020 Jun 10]. Available from: https://hsgm.saglik.gov.tr/depo/birimler/goc_sagligi/covid19/rehber/COVID19_Rehberi20200414_eng_v4_002_14.05.2020.pdf
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan L, Pesce A, Kazmierczak S. Clinical chemistry: theory, analysis, correlation. 3rd ed. St. Louis (MO): Mosby; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Spearman C. The proof and measurement of association between two things. Int J Epidemiol. 2010;39(5):1137–1150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dancey CP, Reidy J. Statistics without maths for psychology. London (UK): Pearson Education; 2007.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein KE, Khan Z, Giani JF, et al. Angiotensin-converting enzyme in innate and adaptive immunity. Nat Rev Nephrol. 2018;14(5):325–336.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rigat B, Hubert C, Alhenc-Gelas F, et al. An insertion/deletion polymorphism in the angiotensin I-converting enzyme gene accounting for half the variance of serum enzyme levels. J Clin Invest. 1990;86(4):1343–1346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez GE, Shin BC, Abernathy RS, et al. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme activity in normal children and in those with sarcoidosis. J Pediatr. 1981;99(1):68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bénéteau-Burnat B, Baudin B, Morgant G, et al. Serum angiotensin-converting enzyme in healthy and sarcoidotic children: comparison with the reference interval for adults. Clin Chem. 1990;36(2):344–346.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skurk T, van Harmelen V, Hauner H. Angiotensin II stimulates the release of interleukin-6 and interleukin-8 from cultured human adipocytes by activation of NF-kappaB. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol. 2004;24(7):1199–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang W, Liu X, Wu S, et al. The definition and risks of cytokine release syndrome in 11 COVID-19-affected critically ill patients with pneumonia: analysis of disease characteristics. J Infect Dis. 2020;222(9):1444–1451.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y-y, Li B-r, Ning B-t. The comparative immunological characteristics of SARS-CoV, MERS-CoV, and SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infections. Front Immunol. 2020;11:2033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J, Zhao S, Teng T, et al. Systematic comparison of two animal-to-human transmitted human coronaviruses: SARS-CoV-2 and SARS-CoV. Viruses. 2020;12(2):244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall RP, Webb S, Bellingan GJ, et al. Angiotensin converting enzyme insertion/deletion polymorphism is associated with susceptibility and outcome in acute respiratory distress syndrome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2002;166(5):646–650.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Itoyama S, Keicho N, Quy T, et al. ACE1 polymorphism and progression of SARS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. 2004;323(3):1124–1129.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imam Z, Odish F, Gill I, et al. Older age and comorbidity are independent mortality predictors in a large cohort of 1305 COVID-19 patients in Michigan, United States. J Intern Med. 2020;288(4):469–476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guan W-j, Liang W-h, Zhao Y, et al. Comorbidity and its impact on 1590 patients with Covid-19 in China: a nationwide analysis. Eur Respir J. 2020;55(5):2000547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Y, Sun J, Dai Z, et al. Prevalence and severity of corona virus disease 2019 (COVID-19): a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Clin Virol. 2020;127:104371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou F, Yu T, Du R, et al. Clinical course and risk factors for mortality of adult inpatients with COVID-19 in Wuhan, China: a retrospective cohort study. The Lancet. 2020;395(10229):1054–1062.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanga J, Zhenga Y, Goua X. Prevalence of comorbidities and its effects in coronavirus disease 2019 patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Infect Dis. 2020;94:91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Krasowski MD, Savage J, Ehlers A, et al. Ordering of the serum angiotensin-converting enzyme test in patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor therapy: an avoidable but common error. Chest. 2015;148(6):1447–1453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar