The effect of acid use as a preservative on the results of biochemical tests measured in 24-h urine

References

• Lea J, Greene T, Hebert L, et al. The relationship between magnitude of proteinuria reduction and risk of end-stage renal disease: results of the African American study of kidney disease and hypertension. Arch Intern Med. 2005;165(8):947–953.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peterson JC, Adler S, Burkart JM, et al. Blood pressure control, proteinuria, and the progression of renal disease: the modification of diet in renal disease study. Ann Intern Med. 1995;123(10):754–762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang H, Naghavi M, Allen C, et al. Global, regional, and national life expectancy, all-cause mortality, and cause-specific mortality for 249 causes of death, 1980–2015: a systematic analysis for the global burden of disease study 2015. Lancet. 2016;388(10053):1459–1544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tuchman M, Morris CL, Ramnaraine ML, et al. Value of random urinary homovanillic acid and vanillyl mandelic acid levels in the diagnosis and management of patients with neuroblastoma: comparison with 24-h urine collections. Pediatrics. 1985;75(2):324–328.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whiting MJ, Doogue MP. Advances in biochemical screening for phaeochromocytoma using biogenic amines. Clin Biochem Rev. 2009;30(1):3–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hodgkinson A. Sampling errors in the determination of urine calcium and oxalate: solubility of calcium oxalate in HCl-urine mixtures. Clin Chim Acta. 1981;109(2):239–244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Norton D, Plunkett M, Richards F. Spectrophotometric determination of uric acid and some redeterminations of its solubility. Anal Chem. 1954;26(3):454–457.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delanghe J, Speeckaert M. Preanalytical requirements of urinalysis. Biochem Med. 2014;24(1):89–104.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEnroe RJ, Burritt MF, Powers DM, et al. Interference testing in clinical chemistry; approved guideline. Malvern (PA): CLSI; 2005.
   Google Scholar
• Yilmaz G, Yilmaz FM, Hakligör A, et al. Are preservatives necessary in 24-h urine measurements? Clin Biochem. 2008;41(10–11):899–901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feres MC, Bini R, De Martino MC, et al. Implications for the use of acid preservatives in 24-h urine for measurements of high demand biochemical analytes in clinical laboratories. Clin Chim Acta. 2011;412(23–24):2322–2325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bottini PV, Garlipp CR, Lima PR, et al. Are patients adequately informed about procedures for 24-h urine collection? Clin Chem Lab Med. 2020;58(2):e32–e35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stankovic AK, DiLauri E. Quality improvements in the preanalytical phase: focus on urine specimen workflow. Clin Lab Med. 2008;28(2):339–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sodi R, Bailey L, Glaysher J, et al. Acidification and urine calcium: is it a preanalytical necessity? Ann Clin Biochem. 2009;46(6):484–487.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Marshall WJ, Bangert SK, Lapsley M. Clin chemistry. Edinburg (TX): Mosby Elsevier; 2012.
   Google Scholar
• NCCLS. Urinalysis and collection, transportation, and preservation of urine specimens; approved guideline second edition. NCCLS document GP16-A2. Pennsylvania, USA: NCCLS; 2001.
   Google Scholar
• Wu AH. Tietz clinical guide to laboratory tests-E-book. Amsterdam (The Netherlands): Elsevier; 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Corder CJ, Rathi BM, Sharif S, et al. 24-h urine collection. Treasure Island (FL): Stat Pearls Publishing; 2020.
   Google Scholar
• Ng RH, Menon M, Ladenson JH. Collection and handling of 24-h urine specimens for measurement of analytes related to renal calculi. Clin Chem. 1984;30(3):467–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu W, Yang D, Tiselius H-G, et al. Collection and storage of urine specimens for measurement of urolithiasis risk factors. Urology. 2015;85(2):299–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willemsen JJ, Ross HA, Lenders JW, et al. Stability of urinary fractionated metanephrines and catecholamines during collection, shipment, and storage of samples. Clin Chem. 2007;53(2):268–272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miki K, Sudo A. Effect of urine pH, storage time, and temperature on stability of catecholamines, cortisol, and creatinine. Clin Chem. 1998;44(8):1759–1762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gouarne C, Foury A, Duclos M. Critical study of common conditions of storage of glucocorticoids and catecholamines in 24-h urine collected during resting and exercising conditions. Clin Chim Acta. 2004;348(1–2):207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boomsma F, Alberts G, Van Eijk L, et al. Optimal collection and storage conditions for catecholamine measurements in human plasma and urine. Clin Chem. 1993;39(12):2503–2508.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Musson RE, Koçer RG, Demir AY. Omission of preservatives during 24-h of urine collection for the analysis of fractionated metanephrines enhance patient convenience. Clin Chem Lab Med. 2018;56(12):e306–e309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corcuff J-B, Chardon L, Ridah IEH, et al. Urinary sampling for 5HIAA and metanephrines determination: revisiting the recommendations. Endocr Connect. 2017;6(6):R87–R98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eugster PJ, Centeno C, Dunand M, et al. Stabilization of urinary biogenic amines measured in clinical chemistry laboratories. Clin Chim Acta. 2021;514:24–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan J, Kuzhiumparambil U, Bandodkar S, et al. Development and validation of a simple, rapid and sensitive LC-MS/MS method for the measurement of urinary neurotransmitters and their metabolites. Anal Bioanal Chem. 2017;409(30):7191–7199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu H, Yu J, Wang J, et al. Simultaneous quantification of neuroactive dopamine serotonin and kynurenine pathway metabolites in gender-specific youth urine by ultra performance liquid chromatography tandem high resolution mass spectrometry. J Pharm Biomed Anal. 2016;122:42–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar