Melatonin levels are low in COVID-19 positive patients and these levels are associated with depression, death anxiety and insomnia

References

• World Health Organization. [Internet]. Coronavirus disease (Covid-19) pandemic. [cited 2020 May 4]. Available from: https://www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/health-emergencies/coronavirus-covid-19/novel-coronavirus-2019-ncov.
   Google Scholar
• Rogers JP, Chesney E, Oliver D, et al. Psychiatric and neuropsychiatric presentations associated with severe coronavirus infections: a systematic review and meta-analysis with comparison to the COVID-19 pandemic. Lancet Psychiatry. 2020;7(7):611–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tordjman S, Chokron S, Delorme R, et al. Melatonin: pharmacology, functions and therapeutic benefits. Curr Neuropharmacol. 2017;15(3):434–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang H, Liu X, Chen D, et al. Melatonin prevents endothelial dysfunction in SLE by activating the nuclear receptor retinoic acid-related orphan receptor-α. Int Immunopharmacol. 2020;83:106365.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liao M, Liu Y, Yuan J, et al. Single-cell landscape of bronchoalveolar immune cells in patients with COVID-19. Nat Med. 2020;26(6):842–844.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Semyachkina-Glushkovskaya O, Mamedova A, Vinnik V, et al. Brain mechanisms of COVID-19-Sleep disorders. IJMS. 2021;22(13):6917.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson G, Reiter RJ. Melatonin: roles in influenza, Covid-19, and other viral infections. Rev Med Virol. 2020;30(3):e2109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ, Abreu-Gonzalez P, Marik PE, et al. Therapeutic algorithm for use of melatonin in patients with COVID-19. Front Med. 2020;7:226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arendt J. Melatonin and human rhythms. Chronobiol Int. 2006;23(1–2):21–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tchekalarova J, Stoynova T, Ilieva K, et al. Agomelatine treatment corrects symptoms of depression and anxiety by restoring the disrupted melatonin circadian rhythms of rats exposed to chronic constant light. Pharmacol Biochem Behav. 2018;171:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lakhan R, Agrawal A, Sharma M. Prevalence of depression, anxiety, and stress during COVID-19 pandemic. J Neurosci Rural Pract. 2020;11(4):519–525.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menzies RE, Neimeyer RA, Menzies RG. Death anxiety, loss, and grief in the time of COVID-19. Behav change. 2020;37(3):111–115.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnoosh G, Akbariqomi M, Badri T, et al. Efficacy of a low dose of melatonin as an adjunctive therapy in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: a randomized, double-blind clinical trial. Arch Med Res. 2022;53(1):79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasi C, Fallani S, Voller F, et al. Treatment for COVID-19: an overview. Eur J Pharmacol. 2020;889:173644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hansell DM, Bankier AA, MacMahon H, et al. Fleischner society: glossary of terms for thoracic imaging. Radiology. 2008;246(3):697–722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabatabaei SMH, Rajebi H, Moghaddas F, et al. Chest CT in COVID-19 pneumonia: what are the findings in mid-term follow-up? Emerg Radiol. 2020;27(6):711–719.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beck AT, Ward CH, Mendelson M, et al. An inventory for measuring depression. Arch Gen Psychiatry. 1961;4:561–571.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hisli N. Beck Depresyon Envanteri’nin üniversite öğrencileri için geçerliği, güvenirliği [validity and reliability of the Beck Depression Inventory for university students]. Psikoloji Dergisi. 1989. 7(23):3–13. Turkish.
   Google Scholar
• Templer DI. The construction and validation of a death anxiety scale. J Gen Psychol. 1970;82:165–177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bastien CH, Vallieres A, Morin CM. Validation of the ınsomnia severity ındex as an outcome measure for insomnia research. Sleep Med. 2001;2(4):297–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boysan M, Güleç M, Beşiroğlu L, et al. Psychometric properties of the ınsomnia severity ındex in Turkish sample. Anadolu Psikiyatri Derg. 2010;11:248–252.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horne JA, Ostberg O. A self-assessment questionnaire to determine morningnesseveningness in human circadian rhythms. Int J Chronobiol. 1976;4(2):97–110.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pündük Z, Gür H, Ercan İ. Sabahçıl-akşamcıl anketi Ttürkçe uyarlamasında güvenilirlik çalışması [Reliability study in the Turkish version of the morning-evening questionnaire]. Turk Psikiyatri Derg. 2005;16(1):40–45. Turkish.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acuña-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Venegas C, et al. Extrapineal melatonin: sources, regulation, and potential functions. Cell Mol Life Sci. 2014;71(16):2997–3025.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Markus RP, Fernandes PA, Kinker GS, et al. Immune-pineal axis – acute inflammatory responses coordinate melatonin synthesis by pinealocytes and phagocytes. Br J Pharmacol. 2018;175(16):3239–3250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guerrero-Vargas NN, Salgado-Delgado R, Basualdo MDC, et al. Reciprocal interaction between the suprachiasmatic nucleus and the immune system tunes down the inflammatory response to lipopolysaccharide. J Neuroimmunol. 2014;273(1–2):22–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asadi-Pooya AA, Simani L. Central nervous system manifestations of COVID-19: a systematic review. J Neurol Sci. 2020;413:116832.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazza MG, De Lorenzo R, Conte C, et al. Anxiety and depression in COVID-19 survivors: role of inflammatory and clinical predictors. Brain Behav Immun. 2020;89:594–600.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carvalho LA, Gorenstein C, Moreno RA, et al. Melatonin levels in drug-free patients with major depression from the Southern hemisphere. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2006;31(6):761–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaleghipour S, Masjedi M, Ahade H, et al. Morning and nocturnal serum melatonin rhythm levels in patients with major depressive disorder: an analytical cross-sectional study. Sao Paulo Med J. 2012;130(3):167–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Akimova E, Lanzenberger R, Kasper S. The serotonin-1A receptor in anxiety disorders. Biol Psychiatry. 2009;66(7):627–635.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundberg I, Rasmusson AJ, Ramklint M, et al. Daytime melatonin levels in saliva are associated with inflammatory markers and anxiety disorders. Psychoneuroendocrinology. 2020;112:104514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson SA, Rajaratnam SMW, Dawson D. Melatonin agonists and insomnia. Expert Rev Neurother. 2010;10(2):305–318.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, Wang X, Ni L, et al. COVID-19: melatonin as a potential adjuvant treatment. Life Sci. 2020;250:117583.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousavi SA, Heydari K, Mehravaran H, et al. Melatonin effects on sleep quality and outcomes of COVID-19 patients: an open-label, randomized, controlled trial. J Med Virol. 2022;94(1):263–271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cardinali DP, Srinivasan V, Brzezinski A, et al. Melatonin and its analogs in insomnia and depression. J Pineal Res. 2012;52(4):365–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen BK, Zetner D, Möller AM, et al. Melatonin for preoperative and postoperative anxiety in adults. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2020;12(12):CD009861.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar