Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy – assessment of offspring thyroid status and mitochondrial robustness to stress

References

• Maraka S, Ospina NM, O’Keeffe DT, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Thyroid. 2016;26(4):580–590. doi: 10.1089/thy.2015.0418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson W, Russell G, Baragwanath G, et al. Maternal thyroid hormone insufficiency during pregnancy and risk of neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Clin Endocrinol . 2018;88(4):575–584. doi: 10.1111/cen.13550.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casey BM, Thom EA, Peaceman AM, et al. Treatment of subclinical hypothyroidism or hypothyroxinemia in pregnancy. N Engl J Med. 2017;376(9):815–825. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1606205.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus JH, Bestwick JP, Channon S, et al. Antenatal thyroid screening and childhood cognitive function. N Engl J Med. 2012;366(6):493–501. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa1106104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexander EK, Pearce EN, Brent GA, et al. 2017 Guidelines of the American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease During pregnancy and the postpartum. Thyroid. 2017;27(3):315–389. doi: 10.1089/thy.2016.0457.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stagnaro-Green A, Abalovich M, Alexander E, et al. Guidelines of the American thyroid association for the diagnosis and management of thyroid disease during pregnancy and postpartum. Thyroid. Thyroid. 2011;21(10):1081–1125. doi: 10.1089/thy.2011.0087.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Groot L, Abalovich M, Alexander EK, et al. Management of thyroid dysfunction during pregnancy and postpartum: an endocrine society clinical practice guideline. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(8):2543–2565. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2803.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazarus J, Brown RS, Daumerie C, et al. 2014 European thyroid association guidelines for the management of subclinical hypothyroidism in pregnancy and in children. Eur Thyroid J. 2014;3(2):76–94. doi: 10.1159/000362597.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Juul AB, et al. Society of Danish endocrinologists, National guideline: thyroid disease in pregnancy and infertility. 2018. Provided at: https://endocrinologydk/nbv/thyroideasygdomme/thyroideasygdom-ved-graviditet-og-infertiliet/. 2018.
   Google Scholar
• Grovesen DL, Pildal J, Pedersen IB, et al. Society of Danish endocrinologists, National guideline:Thyroid disease in pregnancy and infertility. 2022. Available at: https://endocrinology.dk/nbv/thyroideasygdomme/thyroideasygdom-ved-graviditet-og-infertiliet/.
   Google Scholar
• Cioffi F, Senese R, Lanni A, et al. Thyroid hormones and mitochondria: with a brief look at derivatives and analogues. Mol Cell Endocrinol. 2013;379(1-2):51–61. doi: 10.1016/j.mce.2013.06.006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldthusen AD, Larsen J, Pedersen PL, et al. Pregnancy-induced alterations in mitochondrial function in euthyroid pregnant women and pregnant women with subclinical hypothyroidism; relation to adverse outcome. J Clin Transl Endocrinol. 2014;1(1):e13–e17. doi: 10.1016/j.jcte.2013.12.003.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feldthusen AD, Pedersen PL, Larsen J, et al. Impaired fertility associated with subclinical hypothyroidism and thyroid autoimmunity: the danish general suburban population study. J Pregnancy. 2015;2015:132718–132716. doi: 10.1155/2015/132718.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kvetny J, Wilms L, Pedersen PL, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism affects mitochondrial function. Horm Metab Res. 2010;42(5):324–327. doi: 10.1055/s-0030-1248261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duchen MR, Surin A, Jacobson J. Imaging mitochondrial function in intact cells. Methods Enzymol. 2003;361:353–389. doi: 10.1016/s0076-6879(03)61019-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stryhn JKG, Larsen J, Pedersen PL, et al. Mitochondrial energetics and contents evaluated by flow cytometry in human maternal and umbilical cord blood. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2020;80(5):351–359. doi: 10.1080/00365513.2020.1768584.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monneret D, Guergour D, Vergnaud S, et al. Evaluation of LOCI technology-based thyroid blood tests on the dimension vista analyzer. Clin Biochem. 2013;46(13–14):1290–1297. doi: 10.1016/j.clinbiochem.2012.11.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pendergrass W, Wolf N, Poot M. Efficacy of MitoTracker green and CMXrosamine to measure changes in mitochondrial membrane potentials in living cells and tissues. Cytometry A. 2004;61(2):162–169. doi: 10.1002/cyto.a.20033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poot M, Pierce RH. Detection of changes in mitochondrial function during apoptosis by simultaneous staining with multiple fluorescent dyes and correlated multiparameter flow cytometry. Cytometry. 1999;35(4):311–317. doi: 10.1002/(SICI)1097-0320(19990401)35:4<311::AID-CYTO3>3.0.CO;2-E.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Plasek J, Vojtiskova A, Houstek J. Flow-cytometric monitoring of mitochondrial depolarisation: from fluorescence intensities to millivolts. J Photochem Photobiol B. 2005;78(2):99–108. doi: 10.1016/j.jphotobiol.2004.09.011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Moya D, Bueno C, Montes R, et al. Cord blood-derived CD34+ hematopoietic cells with low mitochondrial mass are enriched in hematopoietic repopulating stem cell function. Haematologica. 2013;98(7):1022–1029. doi: 10.3324/haematol.2012.079244.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scaduto RC, Jr, Grotyohann LW. Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential using fluorescent rhodamine derivatives. Biophys J. 1999;76(1 Pt 1):469–477. doi: 10.1016/S0006-3495(99)77214-0.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliddal S, Feldt-Rasmussen U, Boas M, et al. Gestational age-specific reference ranges from different laboratories misclassify pregnant women’s thyroid status: comparison of two longitudinal prospective cohort studies. Eur J Endocrinol. 2014;170(2):329–339. doi: 10.1530/EJE-13-0672.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurberg P, Andersen SL, Hindersson P, et al. Dynamics and predictors of serum TSH and fT4 reference limits in early pregnancy: a study within the Danish national birth cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2016;101(6):2484–2492. doi: 10.1210/jc.2016-1387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurberg P, Cerqueira C, Ovesen L, et al. Iodine intake as a determinant of thyroid disorders in populations. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2010;24(1):13–27. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2009.08.013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kirkegaard-Klitbo DM, Perslev K, Andersen SL, et al. Iodine deficiency in pregnancy is prevalent in vulnerable groups in Denmark. Dan Med J. 2016;63(11):A5286.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen SL, Sorensen LK, Krejbjerg A, et al. Iodine deficiency in Danish pregnant women. Dan Med J. 2013;60(7):A4657.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinoer D. The regulation of thyroid function during normal pregnancy: importance of the iodine nutrition status. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2004;18(2):133–152. doi: 10.1016/j.beem.2004.03.001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurberg P, Andersen SL, Pedersen IB, et al. Screening for overt thyroid disease in early pregnancy may be preferable to searching for small aberrations in thyroid function tests. Clin Endocrinol. 2013;79(3):297–304. doi: 10.1111/cen.12232.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andersen SL. Frequency and outcomes of maternal thyroid function abnormalities in early pregnancy. Scand J Clin Lab Invest. 2019;79(1-2):99–107. doi: 10.1080/00365513.2018.1555858.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patel J, Landers K, Li H, et al. Delivery of maternal thyroid hormones to the fetus. Trends Endocrinol Metab. 2011;22(5):164–170. doi: 10.1016/j.tem.2011.02.002.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuppens SM, Kooistra L, Wijnen HA, et al. Neonatal thyroid screening results are related to gestational maternal thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2011;75(3):382–387. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2011.04083.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aktas ON, Gursoy T, Soysal E, et al. Thyroid hormone levels in late preterm, early term and term infants: a study with healthy neonates revealing reference values and factors affecting thyroid hormones. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab. 2017;30(11):1191–1196.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbstman J, Apelberg BJ, Witter FR, et al. Maternal, infant, and delivery factors associated with neonatal thyroid hormone status. Thyroid. 2008;18(1):67–76. doi: 10.1089/thy.2007.0180.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilby MD, Barber K, Hobbs E, et al. Thyroid hormone action in the placenta. Placenta. 2005;26(2-3):105–113. doi: 10.1016/j.placenta.2004.08.004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan LY, Leung TN, Lau TK. Influences of perinatal factors on cord blood thyroid-stimulating hormone level. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 2001;80(11):1014–1018. doi: 10.1034/j.1600-0412.2001.801108.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald SD, Walker MC, Ohlsson A, et al. The effect of tobacco exposure on maternal and fetal thyroid function. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;140(1):38–42. doi: 10.1016/j.ejogrb.2008.02.010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medici M, de Rijke YB, Peeters RP, et al. Maternal early pregnancy and newborn thyroid hormone parameters: the generation R study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2012;97(2):646–652. doi: 10.1210/jc.2011-2398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bajoria R, Fisk NM. Permeability of human placenta and fetal membranes to thyrotropin-stimulating hormone in vitro. Pediatr Res. 1998;43(5):621–628. doi: 10.1203/00006450-199805000-00010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heinrichs C, de Zegher F, Vansnick F, et al. Fetal hypopituitarism: perinatal endocrine and morphological studies in two cases. Acta Paediatr. 1994;83(4):448–451. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.1994.tb18143.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moya F, Mena P, Heusser F, et al. Response of the maternal, fetal, and neonatal pituitary-thyroid axis to thyrotropin-releasing hormone. Pediatr Res. 1986;20(10):982–986. doi: 10.1203/00006450-198610000-00018.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wilms L, Larsen J, Pedersen PL, et al. Evidence of mitochondrial dysfunction in obese adolescents. Acta Paediatr. 2010;99(6):906–911. doi: 10.1111/j.1651-2227.2009.01635.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar