Intolerance to Cereals Is Not Specific for Coeliac Disease

References

• Marsh MN. Gluten, major histocompatibility complex, and the small intestine. A molecular and immunobiologic approach to the spectrum of gluten sensitivity (‘celiac sprue’). Gastroenterology 1992;102:330–54.
   Google Scholar
• Maki M, Holm K, Collin P, Savilahti E. Increase in γ/δ T cell receptor bearing lymphocytes in normal small bowel mucosa in latent coeliac disease. Gut 1991;32:1412–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaukinen K, Collin P, Holm K, Karvonen A-L, Pikkarainen P, Mäki M. Small bowel mucosal inflammation in reticulin or gliadin antibody-positive patients without villous atrophy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:944–9.
   Google Scholar
• Troncone R, Greco L, Mayer M, Paparo F, Caputo N, Micillo M, et al. Latent and potential coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr Suppl 1996;412:10–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Corazzza GR, Andreani ML, Biagi F, Bonvicini F, Bernardi M, Gasbarrini G. Clinical, pathological, and antibody pattern of latent celiac disease: report of three adult cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:2203–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mäki M, Holm K, Koskimies S, Hällström O, Visakorpi JK. Normal small bowel biopsy followed by coeliac disease. Arch Dis Child 1990;65:1137–41.
   Google Scholar
• Cooper BT, Holmes GKT, Ferguson R, Thompson RA, Allan RN, Cooke WT. Gluten-sensitive diarrhea without evidence of celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1980;79:801–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arranz E, Ferguson A. Intestinal antibody pattern of celiac disease: occurrence in patients with normal jejunal biopsy histology. Gastroenterology 1993;104:1263–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Troncone R. Latent coeliac disease in Italy. Acta Paediatr 1995;84:1252–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuitunen P, Kosnai I, Savilahti E. Morphometric study of the jejunal mucosa in various childhood enteropathies with special reference to intraepithelial lymphocytes. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1982;1:525–31.
   Google Scholar
• Savilahti E, Örmälä T, Arato A, Hacek G, Holm K, Klemola T, et al. Density of γ/δ+ T cells in jejunal epithelium of patients with coeliac disease and dermatitis herpetiformis is increased with age. Clin Exp Immunol 1997;109:464–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arranz E, Bode J, Kingstone K, Ferguson A. Intestinal antibody pattern of coeliac disease: association with γ/δ T cell receptor expression by intraepithelial lymphocytes, and other indices of potential coeliac disease. Gut 1994;35:476–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holm K, Savilahti E, Koskimies S, Lipsanen V, Mäki M. Immunohistochemical changes in the jejunum in first degree relatives of patients with coeliac disease and the coeliac disease marker DQ genes. HLA class II antigen expression, interleukin-2 receptor positive cells and dividing crypt cells. Gut 1994;35: 55–60.
   Google Scholar
• Ladinser B, Rossipal E, Pittschieler K. Endomysium antibodies in coeliac disease: an improved method. Gut 1994;35:776–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sulkanen S, Halttunen T, Laurila K, Kolho K-L, Korponay Szabo I, Sarnesto A, et al. Tissue transglutaminase autoantibody enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay in detecting celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1322–8.
   Google Scholar
• Vainio E, Kalimo K, Reunala T, Viander M, Palosuo T. Circulating IgA- and IgG-class antigliadin antibodies in dermatitis herpetiformis detected by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Arch Dermatol Res 1983;275:15–8.
   Google Scholar
• Palosuo K, Alenius H, Varjonen E, Koivuluhta M, Mikkola J, Keskinen H, et al. A novel wheat gliadin as a cause of exercise induced anaphylaxis. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999;103:912–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Majamaa H, Moisio P, Holm K, Turjanmaa K. Wheat allergy: diagnostic accuracy of skin prick and patch tests and specific IgE. Allergy 1999;54:851–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson A, Arranz E, O’Mahony S. Clinical and pathological spectrum of coeliac disease—active, silent, latent, potential. Gut 1993;34:150–1.
   Google Scholar
• Polvi A, Eland C, Koskimies S, Mäki M, Partanen J. HLA DQ and DP in Finnish families with coeliac disease. Eur J Immunogenet 1996;23:221–34.
   Google Scholar
• Worldwide variation in prevalence of symptoms of asthma, allergic rhinoconjunctivitis, and atopic eczema: ISAAC. The International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) steering committee. Lancet 1998;351:1225–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Räsänen L, Lehto M, Turjanmaa K, Savolainen J, Reunala T. Allergy to ingested cereals in atopic children. Allergy 1994;49:871–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson HA, Ho DG. Relationship between food-specific IgE concentrations and the risk of positive food challenges in children and adolescents. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997;100:444–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson HA. Food allergy. JAMA 1997;278:1888–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bengtsson U, Nilsson-Balknäs U, Hanson LÅ, Ahlstedt S. Double blind, placebo controlled food reactions do not correlate to IgE allergy in the diagnosis of staple food related gastrointestinal symptoms. Gut 1996;39:130–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson IH, Levine AS, Levitt MD. Incomplete absorption of the carbohydrate in all-purpose wheat flour. N Engl J Med 1981;304:891–2.
   Google Scholar
• Nanda R, James R, Smith H, Dudley CRK, Jewell DP. Food intolerance and the irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1989;30:1099–104.
   Google Scholar
• Niec AM, Frankum B, Talley NJ. Are adverse food reactions linked to irritable bowel syndrome? Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:2184–90.
   Google Scholar