Prevalence and Clinical Spectrum of Chronic Viral Hepatitis in a Middle-aged Swedish General Urban Population

References

• Alter M, Hadler SC, Margolis HS, Alexander WJ, Hu PY, Judson FN, et al. The changing epidemiology of hepatitis B in the United States. JAMA 1990;263:1218–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WM. Hepatitis B virus infection. N Engl J Med 1997;337:1733–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alter M. The detection, transmission, and outcome ofhepatitis C virus infection. Infect Agents Dis 1993;2:155–66.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• MacDonald M, Crofts N, Kaldor J. Transmission of hepatitis C virus: rates, routes, and cofactors. Epidemiol Rev 1996;18:137–48.
   Google Scholar
• Dienstag JL. Sexual and perinatal transmission of hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997;26(3 Suppl):S66–9.
   Google Scholar
• Alter M, Margolis HS, Krawczynski K, Judson FN, Mares A, Alexander WJ, et al. The natural history of community-acquired hepatitis C in the United States. N Engl J Med 1992;327:1899–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoofnagle JH. Hepatitis C: the clinical spectrum of disease. Hepatology 1997;26(3 Suppl):S15–9.
   Google Scholar
• National Institutes of Health Consensus Development Conference Panel. Statement: management of hepatitis C. Hepatology 1997;26(3 Suppl):S2–9.
   Google Scholar
• Yano M, Yatsuhashi H, Inoue O, Inokuchi K, Koga M. Epidemiology and long term prognosis of hepatitis C virus infection in Japan. Gut 1993;34 Suppl 2:S13–6.
   Google Scholar
• Böttiger M, Christenson B. Låg immunitet ger hög mottaglighet för smitta. Lakartidningen 1998;95:1801–4.
   Google Scholar
• Widell A, Mânsson A-S, Sundström G, Hansson BG, Nordenfelt E. Hepatitis C virus RNA in blood donor sera detected by the polymerase chain reaction: comparison with supplementary hepatitis C antibody assays. J Med Virol 1991;35:253–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Widell A, Shev S, Månsson S, Zhang Y-Y, Foberg U, Norkraus G, et al. Genotyping of hepatitis C virus isolates by a modified polymerase chain reaction assay using type specific primers: epidemiological applications. J Med Virol 1994;44:272–9.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang YY, Lok ASF, Chan DTM, Widell A. Greater diversity of hepatitis C virus genotypes found in Hong Kong than in Mainland China. J Clin Microbiol 1995;33:2931–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pohjanpelto P, Lappalainen M, Widell A, Asikainen K, Paunio M. Hepatitis C genotypes in Finland determined by RFLP. Clin Diagn Virol 1996;7:7–16.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Knodell RG, Ishak KG, Black WC, Chen TS, Craig R, Kaplowitz N, et al. Formulation and application of a numerical scoring system for assessing histological activity in asymptomatic chronic active hepatitis. Hepatology 1981;1:431–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Struve J, Giesecke J, Olcen P, von Sydow M, Weiland O. Prevalence of hepatitis B virus markers in Sweden: a community-based serosurvey of 4000 young Swedish adults. Am J Epidemiol 1992;135: 409–17.
   Google Scholar
• Bellentani S, Tiribelli C, Saccoccio G, Sodde M, Fratti N, De Martin C, et al. Prevalence of chronic liver disease in the general population of Northern Italy: the Dionysos Study. Hepatology 1994;20:1442–9.
   Google Scholar
• Garcia-Fulgueiras A, Tormo M, Rodriguez T, Perez-Flores D, Chirlaque D, Navarro C. Prevalence of hepatitis B and C markers in the south-east of Spain: an unlinked community-based serosurvey of 2203 adults. Scand J Infect Dis 1996;28: 17–20.
   Google Scholar
• Kamel MA, Miller FD, El Masry AG, Zakaria S, Khattab M, Essmat G, et al. The epidemiology of Schistosoma mansoni, hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection in Egypt. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 1994;88:501–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nkengasong JN, De Beenhouwer H, Claeys H, Nyambi P, Ayuk J, van der Groen G, et al. A pilot study of the prevalence of hepatitis C virus antibodies and hepatitis C virus RNA in Southern Cameroon. Am J Trop Med Hyg 1995;52:98–100.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaur S, Rybicki L, Bacon BR, Gollan JL, Rustgi VK, Carey WD. Performance characteristics and results of a large-scale screening program for viral hepatitis and risk factors associated with exposure to viral hepatitis B and C: results of the National Hepatitis Screening Survey. Hepatology 1996;24:979–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roudot-Thoraval F, Bastie A, Pawlotsky JM, Dhumeaux D. Epidemiological factors affecting the severity of hepatitis C virus-related liver disease: a French survey of 6664 patients. Hepatology 1997;26: 485–90.
   Google Scholar
• Watson JP, Brind AM, Chapman CE, Bates CL, Gould FK, Johnson SJ, et al. Hepatitis C virus: epidemiology and genotypes in the north east of England. Gut 1996;38:269–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Botté C, Janot C. Epidemiology of HCV infection in the general population and in blood transfusion. Nephrol Dial Transplant 1996;11 Suppl 14:19–21.
   Google Scholar
• Jonas MM. Hepatitis C virus infection: clinical aspects and treatment with interferon alfa. Clin Ther 1996;18 Suppl B:110–25.
   Google Scholar
• Simmonds P, Mellor J, Craxi A, Sanchez-Tapias J-M, Alberti A, Prieto J, et al. Epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic associations of hepatitis C types in western European patients. J Hepatol 1996;24:517–24.
   Google Scholar
• Poynard T, Marcellin P, Lee S, Niederau C, Minuk GS, Ides G, et al. Randomised trial of interferon α2b plus ribavirin for 48 weeks or for 24 weeks versus interferon α2b plus placebo for 48 weeks for treatment of chronic infection with hepatitis C virus. Lancet 1998;352:1426–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Beek I, Dwyer R, Dore G, Luo K, Kaldor J. Infection with HIV and hepatitis C virus among injecting drug users in a prevention setting: retrospective cohort study. Br Med J 1998;317:433–7.
   Google Scholar
• Brown K, Crofts N. Health care costs of a continuing epidemic of hepatitis C virus infection among injecting drug users. Aust N Z J Public Health 1998;22:384–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Deuffic S, Buffat L, Poynard T, Valleron A. Modeling the hepatitis C virus epidemic in France. Hepatology 1999;29:1596–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar