The Physiology of the Transplanted Small Bowel: An Overview with Insight into Graft Function

References

• References
   Google Scholar
• Abu-Elmagd K, Todo S, Tzakis A, Reyes J, Nour B, Furukawa H, et al. Three years clinical experience with intestinal transplantation. J Am Coll Surg 1994;179:385–400.
   Google Scholar
• Asfar S, Zhong R, Grant D. Small bowel transplantation. Surg Clin North Am 1994;74:1197–210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant D. Intestinal transplantation: 1997 report of the international registry. Transplantation 1999;67:1061–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocoshis SA. Small bowel transplantation in infants and children. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1994;23:727–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McAlister VC, Grant DR. Clinical small bowel transplantation. In: Grant DR, Wood RFM, editors. Small bowel transplantation. London: Edward Arnold Ltd; 1994. p. 121–32.
   Google Scholar
• Todo S, Reyes J, Furukawa H, Abu-Elmagd K, Lee RG, Tzakis A, et al. Outcome analysis of 71 clinical intestinal transplantations. Ann Surg 1995;222: 270–82.
   Google Scholar
• Todo S, Tzakis AG, Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, Nakamura K, Casavilla A, et al. Intestinal transplantation in composite visceral grafts or alone. Ann Surg 1992;216:223–34.
   Google Scholar
• Langnas AN, Antonson DL, Kaufman SS, Mach DR, Shaw BW, Heffron TG, et al. Preliminary experience with intestinal transplantation in infants and children. Pediatrics 1996;97:443–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderhoof JA, Langnas AN. Short bowel syndrome in children and adults. Gastroenterology 1997;113:1767–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asfar S, Atkinson P, Ghent C, Duff J, Wall W, Williams S, et al. Small bowel transplantation. A life saving option for selected patients with intestinal failure. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:875–83.
   Google Scholar
• Frezza EE, Tzakis A, Fung JJ, Van Thiel DH. Small bowel transplantation: current progress and clinical application. Hepatogastroenterology 1996;43:363–76.
   Google Scholar
• Lee RG, Nakamura K, Tsamandas AC, Abu-Elmagd K, Furukawa H, Hutson WR, et al. Pathology of human intestinal transplantation. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1820–34.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lear PA. The physiology of transplanted small intestine. In: Grant DR, Wood RF, editors. Small bowel transplantation. London: Edward Arnold Ltd; 1994. p. 18–29.
   Google Scholar
• Ingham Clark CL, Lear PA, Wood S, Lennard-Jones JE, Wood RF. Potential candidates for small bowel transplantation. Br J Surg 1992;79:676–9.
   Google Scholar
• Pakarinen M, Halttunen J, Rintala R, Kuusanmäki P. Gut failure in pediatric and adult patients. Candidates for smallbowel transplantation in Southern Finland. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30:764–70.
   Google Scholar
• Takagi Y, Okada A. Candidates for small bowel transplantation: our experience and a survey of home parenteral nutrition in Japan. Transplant Proc 1994;26:1446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijssen MA, Heineman E. Functional aspects of small bowel transplantation: Past, present, and future. Gut 1994;35:1338–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarr MG. Enteric physiology of the transplanted gut: absorption and motility. Dig Surg 1996;13:181–93.
   Google Scholar
• Lillehei RC, Goott B, Miller FA. The physiological response of the small bowel of the dog to ischemia including prolonged in vitro preservation of the bowel with successful replacement and survival. Ann Surg 1959;150:543–59.
   Google Scholar
• Monchik GJ, Russel PS. Transplantation of small bowel in the rat: technical and immunological considerations. Surgery 1971;70:693–702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuusanmäki P, Halttunen J, Paavonen T, Pakarinen M, Luukkonen P, Häyry P. Acute rejection of porcine small bowel allograft. An extended histological scoring system. Transplantation 1994;58:757–63.
   Google Scholar
• Grant D, Zhong R, Hurlbut D, Garcia B, Chen H, Lamont D, et al. A comparison of heterotopic and orthotopic intestinal transplantation in rats. Transplantation 1991;51:948–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schroeder P, Deltz E, Seifert J, Sandforth F, Thiede A. Absorptive capacity of the transplanted small bowel. Gut 1987;28 Suppl 1:275–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sarr MG, Duenes JA, Tanaka M. A model of jejunoileal in vivo neural isolation of the entire jejunoileum: transplantation and the effects on intestinal motility. J Surg Res 1989;47:266–72.
   Google Scholar
• Kaneco H, Fischman MA, Buckley TM, Schweizer RT. A comparison of portal versus systemic venous drainage in the pig small-bowel allograft recipient. Surgery 1991;109:663–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto N, Ishii H, Kitada T, Utsunomiya J. Significance of venous drainage for small-bowel allografts. Hepatogastroenterology 1992;39:511–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fryer JP, Kim S, Wells CL, Fasola C, Jechorek RP, Dunn DL, et al. Bacterial translocation in a large-animal model of smallbowel transplantation. Portal vs systemic venous drainage and the effect of tacrolimus immunosuppression. Arch Surg 1996;131:77–84.
   Google Scholar
• Shaffer D, Diflo T, Love W, Clowes GH, Maki T, Monaco AP. Immunological and metabolic effects of caval versus portal venous drainage in small-bowel transplantation. Surgery 1988; 104:518–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schraut WH, Abraham VS, Lee KK. Portal versus caval venous drainage of small bowel allografts: technical and metabolic consequences. Surgery 1986;99:193–8.
   Google Scholar
• Koltun WA, Madara JL, Smith RJ, Kirkman RL. Metabolic aspects of small bowel transplantation in inbred rats. J Surg Res 1987;42:341–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raju S, Fujiwara H, Grogan JB, Achord JL. Long-term nutritional function of orthotopic small bowel autotransplants. J Surg Res 1989;46:142–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi T, Hirata Y, Hirose R, Yamada T, Suita S. Short segment intestinal transplantation in rats—functional comparison of jejunal and ileal grafts. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1079–80.
   Google Scholar
• Pakarinen M, Miettinen TA, Kuusanmäki P, Vento P, Kivistö T, Halttunen J. Effect of ileal autotransplantation on cholesterol, bile acids, and biliary lipids in pigs with proximal small bowel resection. Hepatology 1997;25:1315–22.
   Google Scholar
• Todo S, Murase N, Tzakis A, Starzl TE. Role of the liver and the portal circulation in intestinal grafting. In: Grant DR, Wood RFM, editors. Small bowel transplantation. London: Edward Arnold Ltd; 1994. p. 101–11.
   Google Scholar
• Schraut WH, Abraham VS, Lee KK. Portal versus systemic venous drainage for small-bowel allografts. Surgery 1985;98:579–85.
   Google Scholar
• Rosemurgy AS, Schraut WH. Small bowel allografts. Sequence of histological changes in acute and chronic rejection. Am J Surg 1986;151:470–5.
   Google Scholar
• Kaneko H, Hancock W, Schweizer RT. Progress in experimental porcine small-bowel transplantation. Arch Surg 1989;124:587–92.
   Google Scholar
• Murase N, Demetris AJ, Furuya T, Todo S, Fung JJ, Starzl TE. Comparison of the small intestine after multivisceral transplantation with the small intestines transplanted with portal or caval drainage. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1143–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goulet O, Jan D, Lacaille F, Colomb V, Michel J-L, Damotte D, et al. Intestinal transplantation in children: preliminary experience in Paris. JPEN 1999;23:S121–5.
   Google Scholar
• Grace PA. Ischaemia-reperfusion injury. Br J Surg 1994;81: 637–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banda MA, Granger DN. Mechanism and protection from ischemic intestinal injury. Transplant Proc 1996;28:2595–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller AR, Nalesnik MA, Langrehr JM, Rao PN, Snyder JT, Hoffman RA, et al. Evidence that small bowel preservation causes primarily basement membrane and endothelial rather than epithelial cell injury. Transplantation 1993;53:1499–504.
   Google Scholar
• Müller AR, Langrehr jM, Nalesnik M, Hoffman RA, Lee TK, Lee KK, et al. Mucosal glutaminase activity and histology as parameters of small bowel preservation injury. J Surg Res 1994;56:207–15.
   Google Scholar
• Hossain MA, Hamamoto I, Todo S, Maeba T, Tanaka S. Comparison of warm and cold ischemia of the canine small intestine. Eur Surg Res 1995;27:234–40.
   Google Scholar
• Slocum MM, Granger DN. Early microvascular changes in feline intestinal transplants. Gastroenterology 1993;105: 1761–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Müller AR, Nalesnik M, Platz K-P, Langrehr JM, Hoffman RA, Schraut WH. Evaluation of preservation conditions and various solutions for small bowel preservation. Transplantation 1994;57:649–55.
   Google Scholar
• Ricour C, Revillon Y, Pletyncx M, Laufenburger A, Jehannin B, Ghnassia D, et al. Conservation hypothermique et autotransplantation du grêle chez le porcelet. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1981;5:977–86.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Raju S, Fujiwara H, Lewin JR, Grogan JB. Twelve-hour and twenty four-hour preservation of small bowel allografts by simple hypothermia. Transplantation 1988;45:290–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamada N, Hutson WR, Nakada K, Ikoma A, Suzuki T, Zhu Y, et al. Intestinal neuromuscular function after preservation and transplantation. J Surg Res 1996;63:460–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taguchi T, Zorychta E, Sonnino RE, Guttman FM. Function of smooth muscle and nerve after small intestinal transplantation in the rat: effect of storing donor bowel in eurocollins. J Pediatr Surg 1989;24:634–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooke HJ. Neurobiology of the intestinal mucosa. Gastroenterology 1986;90:1057–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podolsky DK. Peptide growth factors in the gastrointestinal tract. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Vol 2. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 129–67.
   Google Scholar
• Sugitani A, Reynolds JC, Todo S. Immunohistochemical study of enteric nervous system after small bowel transplantation in humans. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:2448–56.
   Google Scholar
• Kryochi H, Ono A, Yamamoto N, Ohnishi K, Shimahara Y, Kobayashi N. Extrinsic sympathetic reinnervation after intestinal transplantation in rats. Transplantation 1995;59:328–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malmfors G, Håkanson R, Okmian L, Sundler F. Peptidergic nerves persist after jejunal autotransplantation: an experimental study in the piglet. J Pediatr Surg 1980;15:53–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirose R, Taguchi T, Hirata Y, Yamada T, Nada O, Suita S. Immunohistochemical demonstration of enteric nervous distribution after syngeneic small bowel transplantation in rats. Surgery 1995;117:560–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sugitani A, Reynolds JC, Tsuboi M, Todo S. Extrinsic intestinal reinnervation after canine small bowel autotransplantation. Surgery 1998;123:25–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Koch TR, Mustin E, Walgenbach-Telford S, Telford GL. Muscarinic cholinergic receptor density following small intestinal transplantation in rats. Am J Physiol 1993;265:G1057–63.
   Google Scholar
• Nelson DK, Sarr MG, Go VL. In vivo neural isolation of the entire canine jejunoileum: temporal adaptation of enteric neuropeptides. Gut 1991;32:1336–41.
   Google Scholar
• Sarr MG, Siadati MR, Bailet J, Lucas DL, Roddy DR, Duenes JA. Neural isolation of the jejunoileum. Effect on tissue morphometry, mucosal disaccharidase activity, and tissue peptide content. J Surg Res 1996;61:416–24.
   Google Scholar
• Adrian TE, Quigley EM, Rose SG, Johnson TJ, Thomson JS. Effects of jejunoileal autotransplantation on gastrointestinal regulatory peptides. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:2457–66.
   Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum Dh, O’Dorisio TM, Qualman SJ, Sonnino RE, Dunaway DJ, Harmel RP. Alteration in gastrointestinal peptide tissue levels in rejecting small bowel transplants. J Pediatr Surg 1989;24:629–33.
   Google Scholar
• Evers BM, Townsend CM, Uchida T, Greeley GH, Allen E, Thompson JC. Effect of total jejunoileal denervation on fatstimulated release of peptide YY and cholecystokinin. Surgery 1990;108:248–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soper NJ, Sarr MG, DiMagno EP, Kelly KA, Go VL. Influence of in situ neural isolation of jejunoileum on postprandial pancreatobiliary secretion and gastric emptying. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:880–7.
   Google Scholar
• Lin HC, Zhao X-T, Wang L, Wong H. Fat-induced ileal brake in the dog depends on peptide YY. Gastroenterology 1996;110:1491–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bilchik AJ, Hines OJ, Zinner MJ, Adrian TE, Berger JJ, Mc Fadden DW, et al. Peptide YY augments postprandial small intestinal absorption in the conscious dog. Am J Surg 1994; 167:570–4.
   Google Scholar
• Schlemminger R, Lottermoser S, Gieseler RK, Nustede R, Kohler H, Peters JH, et al. Fat-stimulated cholecystokinin release following transplantation of the entire small bowel or of different intestinal segments in rats. Res Exp Med 1993;193: 379–88.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nelson DK, Furlow BL, Go VL, Sarr MG. Enteroendocrine peptides in a canine model of orthotopic jejunoileal autotransplantation. Regul Pept 1993;45:421–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schlemminger R, Gieseler RK, Schleef J, Nustede R, Köhler H, Schafmayer A. Influence of immunosuppression and syngeneic and allogeneic small bowel transplantation on the fat-stimulated release of cholecystokinin and neurotensin in rats. Transplant Proc 1994;26:1673–4.
   Google Scholar
• Deltz E, Gebhardt JH, Preissner CH, Schroeder P, Hansman ML, Kaiserling E, et al. Distribution of gastrointestinal hormones in the adaptive response after small bowel transplantation. Gut 1987;28 Suppl 1:217–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Frankel WL, Adamson WT, Roth JA, Mantell MP, Bain A, et al. Insulin-like growth factor-I improves mucosal structure and function in transplanted rat small intestine. Transplantation 1995;59:755–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otterson MF, Sarr MG. Normal physiology of small intestinal motility. Surg Clin North Am 1993;73:1173–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarna SK, Otterson MF. Small intestinal physiology and pathophysiology. Gastroenterol Clin North Am 1989;18:375–404.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mousa H, Bueno J, Griffiths J, Kocoshis S, Todo S, Reyes J, et al. Intestinal motility after small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998;30:2535–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quigley EM, Spanta AD, Rose SG, Lof J, Thompson JS. Longterm effects of jejunoileal autotransplantation on myoelectrical activity in canine small intestine. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:1505–17.
   Google Scholar
• Nakada K, Ikoma A, Suzuki T, Reynolds JC, Cambell WL, Todo S, et al. Amelioration of intestinal dysmotility and stasis by octreotide early after small-bowel autotransplantation in dogs. Am J Surg 1995;169:294–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vane DW, Grosfeld JL, Moore W, Abu-Dalu K, Hurwitz A. Impaired bowel motility following small intestinal transplantation. J Surg Res 1989;47:288–91.
   Google Scholar
• Telford GL, Nemeth MA, Sarna SK, Harris MS, Ramaswamy K, Schraut WH, et al. Myoelectric activity and absorptive capacity of rat small intestinal isografts. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:1082–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakada K, Ikoma A, Suzuki T, Reynolds JC, Cambell WL, Todo S, et al. Long-term effect of jejunoileal autotransplantation on motility and transit time in canine small bowel. Transplant Proc 1994;26:1635–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telford GL, Walgenbach-Telford S, McManus LL, Moore G, Roza AM, Adams MB, et al. Migrating myoelectric complexes in rat ileal isografts are reduced in fasted but not fed state. Transplant Proc 1992;24:1124–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CP, Sarna SK, Cowles VE, Osborn JL, Zhu Y-R, Bonham L, et al. Motor activity and transit in the autonomically denervated jejunum. Am J Surg 1994;167:80–8.
   Google Scholar
• Behrns KE, Sarr MG, Hanson RB, Zinsmeister AR. Jejunoileal transplantation. Effects on characteristics of canine jejunal motor activity in vivo. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:884–93.
   Google Scholar
• Sarr MG, Duenes JA. Early and long term effects of a model of intestinal autotransplantation on intestinal motor patterns. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1990;170:338–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sarr MG, Kelly KA. Myoelectrical activity of the autotransplanted canine jejunoileum. Gastroenterology 1981;81: 303–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarna SK, Condon RE, Cowles V. Enteric mechanisms of initiation of migrating myoelectric complexes in dogs. Gastroenterology 1983;84:814–22.
   Google Scholar
• Telford GL, Walgenbach-Telford S, Sarna SK. Pathophysiology of small intestinal motility. Surg Clin North Am 1993;73: 1193–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hakim NS, Sarr MG, Spencer MP. Postprandial disruption of migrating myoelectric complex in dogs. Hormonal versus extrinsic nervous system. Dig Dis Sci 1989;34:257–63.
   Google Scholar
• Behrns KE, Sarr MG. Duodenal nutrients inhibit canine jejunal fasting motor patterns through a hormonal mechanism. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1665–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson CP, Sarna SK, Cowles VE, Telford GL, Roza AM, Adams MB. Comparison of the effects of transection and extrinsic denervation on jejunal motor and absorptive function. Transplant Proc 1994;26:1652–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarr Mg, Foley MK, Winters RC, Duenes JA, DiMagno EP. Role of extrinsic innervation in carbohydrate-induced ileal modulation of pancreatic secretion and upper gut function. Pancreas 1997;14:166–73.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson CP, Sarna SK, Zhu YR, Telford GL, Roza AM, Adams MB. Physiologic function of intestinal autografts preserved for 20 hours in uw solution [abstract]. 5th International Symposium on Intestinal Transplantation; 1997 July 30-Aug 2; Cambridge, England.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson CP, Sarna SK, Cowles VE, Baytiyeh R, Zhu Y-R, Buchmann E, et al. Effects of transection and reanastomosis on postprandial jejunal transit and contractile activity. Surgery 1995;117:531–7.
   Google Scholar
• Toskes PP. Bacterial overgrowth syndromes. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, editors. Bockus gastroenterology. Vol 2. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co; 1995. p. 1174–82.
   Google Scholar
• Vantrappen G, Janssens J, Hellemans J, Ghoos Y. The interdigestive motor complex of normal subjects and patients with bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. J Clin Invest 1977;59:1158–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nieuwenhuijs VB, Verheem A, Duijvenbode-Beumer HV, Visser MR, Verhoef J, Gooszen HG, et al. The role of interdigestive small bowel motility in the regulation of gut microflora, bacterial overgrowth, and bacterial translocation in rats. Ann Surg 1998;228:188–93.
   Google Scholar
• Wells CL. Colonization and translocation of intestinal bacterial flora. Transplant Proc 1996;28:2653–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biffi R, Privitera G, Matinato C, Pozzi S, Marzona L, De Rai P, et al. Parenteral antibiotics and selective intestinal decontamination do not prevent enteric bacterial overgrowth or translocation observed in a swine model of small bowel transplantation. J Surg Res 1995;58:391–4.
   Google Scholar
• Thompson JS, Rose SG, Spanta AD, Quigley EM. The longterm effect of jejunoileal autotransplantation on intestinal function. Surgery 1992;111:62–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne BJ, Johnson CP, Edmiston CE, Hlava MA, Moore GH, Roza AM, et al. Small bowel transplantation promotes bacterial overgrowth and translocation. J Surg Res 1991;51: 512–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakarinen MP, Miettinen TA, Kuusanmaki P, Lauronen J, Vento P, Raivio P, et al. Adaptive lipid metabolism after ileal autotransplantation in pigs with proximal gut resection. Surgery 1997;122:950–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Price BA, Cumberland NS, Clark CL, Pockley AG, Wood RF. Evidence that orthotopic transposition following rat heterotopic small bowel transplantation corrects overgrowth of potentially pathogenic bacteria. Transplantation 1996;61:649–51.
   Google Scholar
• Bjarnason I, Macpherson A, Hollander D. Intestinal permeability: an overview. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1566–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sigalet DL, Kneteman NN, Fedorak RN, Kizilisik T, Madsen KE, Thompson AB. Small intestinal function following syngeneic transplantation in the rat. J Surg Res 1996;61:379–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum DH, Dunaway DJ, Sonnino RE, Stellin G, Berend ME, Harmel RP. Leakage of intraluminal low molecular weight polyethylene glycol as a marker of small bowel transplant rejection. J Pediatr Surg 1989;24:64–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler A, Watson C, Friend P, Soin A, Chavez R, Middleton S, et al Intestinal isograft: Functional recovery in absence of rejection, infection, and immunosuppression [abstract]. 5th International Symposium on Intestinal Transplantation; 1997 July 30-Aug 2; Cambridge, England.
   Google Scholar
• Yao S, Madsen KL, Fedorak RN, Kneteman NM, Sigalet DL The effects of denervation on intestinal permeability after small intestinal transplantation. 5th International Symposium on Intestinal Transplantation; July 1997 30–Aug 2; Cambridge, England.
   Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Frankel WL, Bain A, Choi D, Klurfeld DM, Rombeau JL. Glutamine reduces bacterial translocation after small bowel transplantation in cyclosporine-treated rats. J Surg Res 1995;58:159–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madsen KL, Yanchar NL, Sigalet DL, Reigel T, Fedorak RN. FK506 increases permeability in rat intestine by inhibiting mitochondrial function. Gastroenterology 1995;103: 107–14.
   Google Scholar
• Gabe SM, Bjarnason I, Tolou-Ghamari Z, Tredger JM, Johnson PG, Barclay GR, et al. The effect of tacrolimus (FK506) on intestinal barrier function and cellular energy production in humans. Gastroenterology 1998;115: 67–74.
   Google Scholar
• Sigalet DL, Knetman NN, Thomson AB. Reduction of nutrient absorption in normal rats by cyclosporine. Transplantation 1992;53:1103–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yanchar NL, Fedorak RN, Knetman NM, Sigalet DL. Nutritional and intestinal effects of the novel immunosuppressive agents: deoxypergualin, rapamycin, and mycophenolate mofetil. Clin Biochem 1996;29:363–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant D, Hurlbut D, Zhong R, Wang P, Chen H, Garcia B, et al. Intestinal permeability and bacterial translocation following small bowel transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 1991;52:221–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grant D, Wall W, Mimeault R, Zhong R, Ghent C, Garcia B, et al. Successful small-bowel/liver transplantation. Lancet 1990; 335:181–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson CJ, Wraight EP, Neale G, Jamieson NV, Friend PJ, Calne R. Radionuclide studies in intestinal transplantation. Diagnosis of rejection and assessment of permeability. Transplantation 1996;61:155–7.
   Google Scholar
• Price BA, Cumberland NS, Clark CL, Pockley AG, Lear PA, Wood RF. The effect of rejection and graft-versus-disease on small intestinal microflora and bacterial translocation after rat small bowel transplantation. Transplantation 1993;56: 1072–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niebel W, Beglinger C, Singer MV. Hormonal control of pancreatic secretion by intrajejunal HCl: studies in dogs with an autotransplanted entire jejunoileum. Pancreas 1991;6: 341–9.
   Google Scholar
• Singer MV, Niebel W, Niebergall-Roth E, Teyssen S, Jansen JB, Lamers CB. Pancreatic secretory response to intrajejunal tryptophan: studies in dogs with an autotransplanted entire jejunoileum. Pancreas 1997;14:383–90.
   Google Scholar
• Anthone GJ, Bastidas JA, Zinner MJ, Barnhart DC, Masoudi FA, Yeo CJ. Meal-stimulated canine jejunal ionic absorption. Influence of mucosal neural blockade. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:75–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barry MK, Aloisi JD, Yeo CJ. Neural mechnanisms in basal and meal-stimulated ileal absorption. J Surg Res 1995;58:425–31.
   Google Scholar
• Sarr MG, Kelly KA, Phillips SF. Feeding augments canine jejunal absorption via a hormonal mechanism. Dig Dis Sci 1981;26:961–5.
   Google Scholar
• Orloff SL, Bunnett NW, Wong H, Walsh JH, Debas HT. Neural and hormonal mechanisms mediate the enterogastric reflex: a study in intestinal transplants in rats. Gastroenterology 1991;101:734–42.
   Google Scholar
• Todo S, Tzakis A, Abu-Elmagd K, Reyes J, Starzl TE. Current status of intestinal transplantation. Adv Surg 1994;27:295–316.
   Google Scholar
• Rovera GM, Abu-Elmagd K, Hutson WR, Furukawa H, Goldbach B, Todo S, et al. Long-term nutritional monitoring after clinical intestinal transplantation. Transplant Proc 1998; 30:2515–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ballinger WF, Christy MG, Ashby WB. Autotransplantation of the small intestine: the effect of denervation. Surgery 1962; 52:151–64.
   Google Scholar
• Herkes SM, Smith CD, Sarr MG. Jejunal responses to absorptive and secretory stimuli in the neurally isolated jejunum in vivo. Surgery 1994;116:576–86.
   Google Scholar
• Oishi AJ, Sarr MG. Intestinal transplantation: Effects on ileal enteric absorptive physiology. Surgery 1995;117:545–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarr MG, Duenes JA, Walters AM. Jejunal and ileal absorptive function after a model of canine jejunoileal autotransplantation. J Surg Res 1991;51:233–9.
   Google Scholar
• Grant D, Duff J, Zhong R, Garcia B, Liporah C, Keown P, et al. Successful intestinal transplantation in pigs treated with cyclosporine. Transplantation 1988;45:279–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakarinen M, Kuusanmaki P, Halttunen J. Ileal nutritional function after one-stage orthotopic ileum transplantation in the growing pig: reversal of lethal short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 1996;31:686–94.
   Google Scholar
• Pakarinen MP, Miettinen TA, Kuusanmäki P, Halttunen J. Cholesterol absorption and synthesis after autotransplantation of porcine ileum. Surgery 1996;120:822–30.
   Google Scholar
• Sigalet DL, Kneteman NM, Fedorak RN, Kizilisik T, Thomson AB. Intestinal function following allogeneic small intestinal transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 1992;53:264–71.
   Google Scholar
• Maeda K, Oki K, Nakamura K, Schwartz MZ. Small intestine transplantation: a logical solution for short bowel syndrome? J Pediatr Surg 1988;23:10–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitagawa H, Ford EG, Sinatra F, Thomas D, Atkinson JB. Fecal fat, cyclosporine, and α1-antitrypsin for assessment of small bowel function following transplantation. J Pediatr Surg 1991;26: 1091–6.
   Google Scholar
• Sonnino RE, Teitelbaum DH, Dunaway DJ, Harmel RP. Smallbowel transplantation permits survival in rats with lethal shortgut syndrome. J Pediatr Surg 1989;24:959–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walters AM, Zinsmeister AR, Sarr MG. Effect of a model of canine jejunoileal orthotopic autotransplantation on jejunal and ileal transport of water and electrolytes. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39: 843–50.
   Google Scholar
• Meijssen MA, Heinemann E, De Bruin RW, Veeze HJ, Bijman J, De Jonge HR, et al. Value of in vivo electrophysiological measurements to evaluate canine small bowel autotransplants. Gut 1991;32:1329–35.
   Google Scholar
• Lauronen J, Pakarinen MP, Kuusanmaki P, Vento P, Paavonen T, Halttunen J. Synchronous ileal autotransplantation impairs adaptation of the remaining gut in pigs with proximal small bowel resection. Dig Dis Sci 1999;44:187–95.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson AJ, Lear PA, Montgomery A, Elliot E, Dacre J, Farthing MJ, et al. Water, electrolyte, glucose, and glycine absorption in rat small intestinal transplants. Gastroenterology 1988;94:863–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fink JG, Koch TR, Walgenbach-Telford S, Telford GL. Improved morphometric analysis of rat small intestine following transplantation. Gastroenterology 1993;104:A507.
   Google Scholar
• Chang EB, Rao MC. Intestinal water and electrolyte transport. Mechanisms of physiological and adaptive responses. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Vol 2. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 2027–81.
   Google Scholar
• Brunsson I, Eklund S, Jödal M, Lundgren O, Sjövall H. The effect of vasodilatation and sympathetic nerve activation on net water absorption in the cat’s small intestine. Acta Physiol Scand 1979;106:61–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sjövall H, Redfors S, Hallbäck DA, Eklund S, Jödal M, Lundgren O. The effect of splanchnic nerve stimulation on blood flow distribution, villous tissue osmolality and fluid and electrolyte transport in the small intestine of the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1983;117:359–65.
   Google Scholar
• Sjövall H, Brunsson I, Jodal M, Lundgren O. The effect of vagal stimulation on net fluid transport in the small intestine of the cat. Acta Physiol Scand 1983;117:351–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hakim NS, Walters AM, Zinsmeister AR, Sarr MG. Net absorption of water, electrolytes, glucose, and folate from in vivo, neurally isolated canine jejunum. Surgery 1992;111:394–401.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarr MG, Walters A, Benson JT, Zinsmeister AR. Absorption of simple nutrients from the in vivo neurally isolated canine jejunum and ileum. Surgery 1994;115:578–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum DH, Sonnino RA, Dunaway DJ, Stellin G, Harmel RP. Rat jejunal absorptive function after intestinal transplantation. Effects of extrinsic denervation. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38:1099–104.
   Google Scholar
• Cooke HJ, Reddix RA. Neural regulation of intestinal electrolyte and water transport. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Vol 2. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 2083–132.
   Google Scholar
• Alpers DH. Digestion and absorption of carbohydrates and proteins. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Vol 2. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 1723–49.
   Google Scholar
• Teitelbaum DH, Wise WE, Sonnino RE, Dunaway DJ, Powers P, McClung HJ, et al. Monitoring of intestinal transplant rejection. Am J Surg 1989;157:318–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foley MK, Inoue Y, Souba WW, Sarr MG. Extrinsic innervation modulates canine jejunal transport of glutamine, alanine, leucine, and glucose. Surgery 1998;123:321–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oishi AJ, Inoue Y, Souba WW, Sarr MG. Alterations in carrier-mediated glutamine transport after a model of canine jejunal autotransplantation. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:1915–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biffi R, Andreoni B, Pozzi S, Marzona L, Luca P, Velio P, et al. Postoperative enteral feeding improves mucosal morphometry and absorption of D-xylose by intestinal allografts in pigs. Transplant Proc 1997;29:1807–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frezza EE, Swaminathan A, Asrian A, Doria C, Bonet H, Irish W, et al. Water, sodium, potassium, and D-xylose absorption in canine small bowel transplantation. Transplant Proc 1994;26: 1661.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii H, Hashimoto N, Kitada T, Kuroki T, Utsnomiya J. Malabsorption after small-bowel transplantation. Hepatogastroenterology 1993;40:282–4.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reznick RK, Craddock GN, Langer B, Gilas T, Cullen JB. Structure and function of small bowel allografts in the dog: immunosuppression with cyclosporin A. Can J Gastroenterol 1982;25:51–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bates SL, Sharkey KA, Meddings JB. Vagal involvement in dietary regulation of nutrient transport. Am J Physiol 1998; 274:G552–60.
   Google Scholar
• Hall JC, Heel K, McCauley R. Glutamine. Br J Surg 1996; 83:305–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann AF. Intestinal absorption of bile acids and biliary constituents: The intestinal component of the enterohepatic circulation and the integrated system. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Vol 2. 3rd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 1845–66.
   Google Scholar
• Pakarinen MP, Halttunen J, Kuusanmaki P, Miettinen TA. Increased plasma, biliary, and hepatic cholesterol precursors in pigs with ileal autotransplantation-induced malabsorption of cholesterol and bile acids. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:319–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakarinen M, Halttunen J, Kuusanmaki P, Raivio P, Kivisto T, Miettinen TA. Increased fecal excretion of bile acids after ileal transplantation in the pig. Transplant Proc 1996;28:2564–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pakarinen M. Lipid metabolism during postresectional adaptation of intact and autotransplanted porcine ileum. An experimental study of nonrejecting ileal graft adaptation and function. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1998;87:77–9.
   Google Scholar
• Shiau Y-F. Lipid digestion and absorption. In: Johnson LR, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. Vol 2. 2nd ed. New York: Raven Press; 1987. p. 1527–56.
   Google Scholar
• Tsuchiya H, Nagashima K, Yamagata K. Regeneration of mesenteric lymphatic vessels in a new experimental model of orthotopic intestinal transplantation in rats. J Pediatr Surg 1994;29:912–6.
   Google Scholar
• Schier F, Uner A, Waldschmidt J. Microlymphography of spontaneous lymph vessel anastomosis in small bowel transplantation in the rat. J Pediatr Surg 1991;10:1239–42.
   Google Scholar
• Liu H, Teraoka S, Nozawa M, Fujita S, Fuchinoue S, Takahashi K, et al. Successful lymphangiographic investigation of mesenteric lymphatic regeneration after orthotopic intestinal transplantation in rat. Transplant Proc 1992;24: 1113–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kocandrle V, Houttuin E, Prohaska JV. Regeneration of the lymphatics after autotransplantation and homotransplantation of the entire small intestine. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1966;122: 587–92.
   Google Scholar
• Rotman N, Michot F, Hay JM, Fagniez PL. Lymphatic regeneration following intestinal transplantation in the pig. In: Deltz E, Thiede A, Hamelmann, editors. Small bowel transplantation. Experimental and clinical fundamentals. Berlin: Springer-Verlag; 1986. p. 34–6.
   Google Scholar
• Winkelaar GB, Smith LJ, Martin GR, Sigalet DL. Fat absorption after small intestinal transplantation in the rat. Transplantation 1997;64:566–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thompson AB, Keelan M, Garg ML, Clandinin MT. Intestinal aspects of lipid absorption: in review. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1988;67:179–91.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meijssen MA, Heinemann E, De Bruin RW, Wolvekamp MC, Marquet RL, Molenaar JC. Long-term survival of DLA-matched segmental small-bowel allografts in dogs. Transplantation 1993;56:1062–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dennison AR, Collin J, Watkins RM, Millard PR, Morris PJ. Absorptive and motor function of orthotopically vascularized segmental ileal autografts. Br J Surg 1987;74:187–91.
   Google Scholar
• Stamford WP, Hardy MA. Fatty acid absorption in jejunal autograft and allograft. Surgery 1974;75:496–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Everson GT, Kern F. Bile acid and cholesterol homeostasis. In: Haubrich WS, Schaffner F, editors. Bockus gastroenterology. Vol 2. 5th ed. Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders Co; 1995. p. 984–95.
   Google Scholar
• Pakarinen MP, Halttunen J, Kuusanmaki P, Lauronen J, Miettinen TA. Absorption, excretion, and distribution of plant sterols after proximal gut resection and autotransplantation of porcinen ileum. Lipids 1998;33:267–76.
   Google Scholar
• Gundlach M, Schroeder P, Schindler R, Deltz E. Absorption of vitamin A after orthotopic bowel transplantation: evidence for the development of graft adaptation to lipid metabolism. Transplant Proc 1987;19:3965–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Greenstein SM, Sun S, Schechner RS, Senitzer D, Katz SM, Tellis VA. Prolonged use of cyclosporine (CsA) produces reversible hemodynamic and absorptive alterations in the transplanted rat small intestine. J Surg Res 1994;56:518–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun S, Katz SM, Schechner RS, Tellis VA, Greenstein SM. Effect of tacrolimus on hemodynamics and absorption of experimental small intestinal transplants. Transplantation 1996;61:1447–50.
   Google Scholar
• Yanchar NL, Riegel TM, Martin G, Fedorak RN, Kneteman NM, Sigalet DL. Tacrolimus (FK506)—its effects on intestinal glucose transport. Transplantation 1996;61:630–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuusanmaki P, Lauronen J, Paavonen T, Pakarinen M, Savilahti E, Hayry P, et al. Brush border enzymes in evaluation of acute small bowel rejection. Scand J Immunol 1996;43:566–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pernthaler H, Kreczy A, Plattner R, Pfurtscheller G, Saltuari L, Schmid T, et al. Myoelectric activity during small bowel allograft rejection. Dig Dis Sci 1994;39:1216–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgren S, Cohen Z, Mackenzie R, Finkelstein D, Greenberg GR, Langer B. Functional monitors of rejection in small intestinal transplants. Am J Surg 1984;147:152–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billiar TR, Garberoglio C, Schraut WH. Maltose absorption as an indicator of small-intestinal allograft rejection. J Surg Res 1984;37:75–82.
   Google Scholar
• Kuusanmäki P, Lauronen J, Paavonen T, Pakarinen M, Yilmaz S, Häyry P, et al. How to diagnose chronic rejection. A study in porcine intestinal allografts. Scand J Immunol 1997;46:514–9.
   Google Scholar
• Frankel WL, Zhang W, Afonso J, Klurfeld DM, Don SH, Laitin E, et al. Glutamine enhancement of structure and function in transplanted small intestine in the rat. JPEN 1993;17:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Frankel WL, Singh A, Laitin E, Klurfeld D, Rombeau JL. Improvement of structure and function in orthotopic small bowel transplantation in the rat by glutamine. Transplantation 1993;56:512–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Oca J, Bettonica C, Cuadrado S, Vallet J, Martin E, Garcia A, et al. Effect of oral supplementation of ornithine-α-ketoglutarate on the intestinal barrier after orthotopic small bowel transplantation. Transplantation 1997;63:636–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li YS, Li JS, Jiang JW, Liu FN, Li N, Qin WS, et al. Glycylglutamine-enriched long-term total parenteral nutrition attenuates bacterial translocation following small bowel transplantation in the pig. J Surg Res 1999;82:106–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Bain A, Rombeau JL. Insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) and glutamine improve structure and function in the small bowel allograft. J Surg Res 1995;59:6–12.
   Google Scholar
• Kato Y, Hamada Y, Ito S, Okumura T, Hioki K. Epidermal growth factor stimulates the recovery of glucose absorption after small bowel transplantation. J Surg Res 1998;80:315–9.
   Google Scholar
• Lee TK, Heeckt P, Smith SD, Lee KK, Rowe MI, Schraut WH. Postoperative selective bowel decontamination prevents gramnegative bacterial translocation in small-bowel graft recipients. J Surg Res 1995;58:496–502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar