- Gibson P, Gibson R, Ditchfield M, Donlan JD. Splenomegaly: an insensitive sign of portal hypertension. Aust NZ J Med 1990; 20:771-4.
- Ditchfield M, Gibson R, Donlan J, Gibson PR. Duplex Doppler ultrasound signs of portal hypertension: relative diagnostic value of examination of paraumbilical vein, portal vein and spleen. Australas Radiol 1992;36:102-5.
- Shah S, Hayes P, Allan P, Nicoll J, Finlayson ND. Measurement of spleen size and its relation to hypersplenism and portal hemodynamic in portal hypertension due to hepatic cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:2580-3.
- Gusberg R, Peterec S, Sumpio B, Meier GH. Splenomegaly and variceal bleeding: hemodynamic basis and treatment. Hepatogastroenterology 1994;41:573-7.
- Sheth S, Amrapurkar D, Chopra K, et al. Evaluation of splenomegaly in portal hypertension. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;22: 28-30.
- Medhat A, Iber F, Dunne M, Mani SA, Mehta PJ. Ultrasono-graphie findings with bleeding and nonbleeding esophageal varices. Am J Gastroenterol 1988;83:58-63.
- Maicias-Rodriguez M, Rendon-Unceta P, Martinez-Sierra, Teyssiere-Blas I, Diaz-Garcia F, Mertin-Herrera L. Prognostic usefulness of ultrasonographic signs of portal hypertension in patients with Child-Pugh stage A liver cirrhosis. Am J Gastroenterol 1999:94:3595-600.
- Stauber R, Ruthardt F, Tauxe W, Van Thiel DH. Evaluation of portal-systemic shunting in rats from mesenteric and splenic beds. Dig Dis Sci 1991;36:209-15.
- Ohnishi K, Nakayama T, Koen H, Saito M, Chin N, Terabayashi H, et al. Interrelationship between type of spontaneous portal systemic shunt and portal vein pressure in patients with liver disease. Am J Gastroenterol 1985;80:561-4.
- Bolognasi M, Sacerdoti D, Bombonato G, Angeli P, Gerunda G, Merenda R, et al. Splenic impedance indices: a useful method to monitor patients after liver transplantation. Hepatology 1998; 27:674-8.
- Bolondi L, Piscaglia F, Siringo S, Gaiani S, Zironi G. Imaging techniques and haemodynamic measurements in portal hypertension. In: Franchis RD, editor. Portal hypertension, vol. II. Oxford: Blackwell Science; 1996. p. 56-66.
- Moriyasu F, Ban N, Nishida O, Nakamura T, Koizumi S, Sakai M. Quantitative measurement of portal blood flow in patients with chronic liver disease using an ultrasonic duplex system consisting of a pulsed Doppler flowmeter and B-mode electroscanner. Gastroenterol Jpn 1984;19:529-36.
- Ohnishi K, Maito S, Nakayama T, Saito M, Chin N, Terabayashi H. Portal venous hemodynamic in chronic liver disease: effects of posture change and exercise. Radiology 1985;155:757-61.
- Moriyasu F, Nishida O, Ban N, Nakamura, T, Sakai, M, Miyake T, et al. 'Congestion index' of the portal vein. AJR 1986; 146: 735-59.
- Bolondi L, Li Bassi S, Gaiani S, Zironi G, Benzi G, Santi S, et al. Changes of Doppler waveform of hepatic veins in liver cirrhosis. Radiology 1991 ;178:513-6.
- Piscaglia F, Gaiani S, Zironi G, Gramantieri L, Siringo S, Serra S, et al. Intra- and extra-hepatic arterial resistance in chronic hepatitis and liver cirrhosis. Ultrasound Med Biol 1997;23:67582.
- Piscaglia F, Zironi G, Gaiani S, Mazziotti A, Cavallari A, Gramantieri L, et al. Systemic and splanchnic hemodynamic changes after liver transplantation for cirrhosis: a long-term prospective study. Hepatology 1999;30:58-64.
- Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Bolognesi M, Amodio P, Angeli P, Gatta A. Hepatic arterial resistance in cirrhosis with and without portal vein thrombosis: relationships with portal hemodynamics. Gastroenterology 1995;108:1152-8.
- Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, Gerunda G, MaffeiFaccioli A, Angeli P, et al. Splenic Doppler impedance indices: influence of different portal hemodynamic conditions. Hepatology 1996;23:1035-40.
- Piscaglia F, Donati G, Serra C, Muratori R, Solmi L, Gaiani S, et al. Value of splanchnic Doppler ultrasound in the diagnosis of portal hypertension. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001;27:893-9.
- Bolondi L, Zironi G, Gaiani S, Zironi G, Benzi G, Santi V, et al. Caliber of splenic and hepatic arteries and spleen size in cirrhosis of different etiology. Liver 1991;11:198-205.
- ZoIi M, Merkel C, Magalotti D, Gueli C, Grimaldi M, Gatta A, et al. Natural history of cirrhotic patients with small esophageal varices: a prospective study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:503-8.
- Beppu K, Inokuchi K, Koyanagi N, Nakayama S, Sakata H, Kitano S, et al. Prediction of variceal hemorrhage by esophageal endoscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 1981;27:213-8.
- Sabbà C, Merkel C, ZoIi M, Ferraioli G, Gaiani S, Sacerdoti D, et al. Interobserver and interequipment variability of echo-Doppler examination of the portal vein: effect of a cooperative training program. Hepatology 1995;21:428-33.
- Sacerdoti D, Gaiani S, Buonamico P, Merkel C, ZoIi M, Bolondi L. Interobserver and interequipment variability of hepatic, splenic and renal arterial Doppler resistance indices in normal subjects and patients with cirrhosis. J Hepatol 1997;27:989-92.
- Tincani E, Cioni G, D'Alimente P, Cristani A, Turrini F, Sardini C, et al. Value of the measurement of portal flow velocity in the differential diagnosis of asymptomatic splenomegaly. Clin Radiol 1997;52:220-3.
- Bolognesi M, Sacerdoti D, Merkel C, G Bombonato, Gatta A. Non-invasive grading of the severity of portal hypertension in cirrhotic patients by echo-color Doppler. Ultrasound Med Biol 2001:27:901-7.
- Vorobioff J, Bredfeldt J, Groszmann R. Increased blood flow through the portal system in cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 1984:87:1120-6.
- Vorobioff J, Bredfeldt J, Groszmann R. Hyperdynamic circulation in portal-hypertensive rat model: a primary factor for maintenance of chronic portal hypertension. Am J Physiol 1983; 244:052-7.
- Bolognesi M, Merkel C, Sacerdoti D, Nava V, Gatta A. Role of spleen enlargement in cirrhosis with portal hypertension. Dig Liver Dis 2002;34:144-50.
Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology
Volume 37, 2002 - Issue 10