183
Views
141
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Experimental pain in gastroenterology: a reappraisal of human studies

, &
Pages 1115-1130 | Received 13 Feb 2003, Accepted 26 May 2003, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Sandler RS, Stewart WF, Liberman JN, Ricci JA, Zorich NL. Abdominal pain, bloating, and diarrhea in the United States: prevalence and impact. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:1166–71.
  • Bochus HL. Abdominal pain. In: Berk JE, editor. Gastroenterology. Philadelphia: WB Saunders; 1985. p. 22–47.
  • Arendt-Nielsen L. Induction and assessment of experimental pain from human skin, muscle, and viscera. In: Jensen TS, Turner JA, Wiesenfeld-Hallin Z, editors. Proceedings of the 8th World Congress of Pain. Progress in pain research and management. Seattle, ISAP Press; 1997. p. 393–425.
  • Ness TJ, Gebhart GF. Visceral pain: a review of experimental studies. Pain 1990;41:167–234.
  • Sengupta JN, Gebhart GF. Gastrointestinal afferent fibers and sensation. In: Johnson L, editor. Physiology of the gastrointestinal tract. New York: Raven Press; 1994. p. 484–519.
  • Curatolo M, Petersen-Felix S, Arendt-Nielsen L. Sensory assessment of regional analgesia in humans: a review of methods and applications. Anesthesiology 2000;93:1517–30.
  • Jänig W, Häbler H-J. Visceral-autonomic integration. In: Gebhart GF, editor. Visceral pain. Progress in pain research and management. Seattle: IASP Press; 1995. p. 311–48.
  • Drewes AM, Petersen P, Qvist P, Nielsen J, Arendt-Nielsen L. An experimental pain model based on electric stimulations of the colon mucosa. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34:765–71.
  • Cervero F. Mechanisms of visceral pain: past and present. In: Gebhart GF, editor. Visceral pain. Progress in pain research and management. Seattle: IASP Press; 1995. p. 25–40.
  • Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Delvaux M, Frexinos J. Mediators and pharmacology of visceral sensitivity: from basic to clinical investigations. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1714–43.
  • Bueno L, Fioramonti J, Garcia-Villar R. Pathobiology of visceral pain: molecular mechanisms and therapeutic implications. III. Visceral afferent pathways: a source of new therapeutic targets for abdominal pain. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2000;278:G670–6.
  • Scarpignato C, Pelosini I. Novel drugs for treatment of functional gastrointestinal disorders. In: Corazziari E, editor. Approach to the patient with chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Milano: Messaggi; 1999. p. 429–71.
  • Laird JMA, de la Rubia PG, Cervero F. Excitability changes of somatic and viscero-somatic nociceptive reflexes in the decerebrate-spinal rabbit: role of NMDA receptors. J Physiol Lond 1995;489:545–55.
  • Arendt-Nielsen L, Laursen RJ, Drewes AM. Referred pain as an indicator for neural plasticity. Prog Brain Res 2000; 129: 343–56.
  • Giamberardino MA. Recent and forgotten aspects of visceral pain. Eur J Pain 1999;3:77–92.
  • Aziz Q, Thompson DG. Brain-gut axis in health and disease. Gastroenterology 1998;114:559–78.
  • Sanger GJ. Hypersensitivity and hyperreactivity in the irritable bowel syndrome: an opportunity for drug discovery. Dig Dis 1999;17:90–9.
  • van der Schaar PJ, Lamers CB, Masclee AA. The role of the barostat in human research and clinical practice. Scand J Gastroenterol 1999;34 Suppl 230:52–63.
  • Drewes AM. Experimentally evoked pain in the human gastrointestinal tract: sensory manifestations to painful electrical stimuli [thesis]. Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark 1998.
  • Gebhart GF, Meller ST, Euchner-Wamser I, Sengupta JN. Modelling visceral pain. In: Vecchiet L, Albe-Fessard D, Lindblom U, Giamberardino MA, editors. New trends in referred pain and hyperalgesia. Amsterdam: Elsevier; 1993. p. 129–48.
  • Accarino AM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Symptomatic responses to stimulation of sensory pathways in the jejunum. Am J Physiol 1992;263:G673–7.
  • Accarino AM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Selective dysfunction of mechanosensitive intestinal afferents in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995;108:636–43.
  • Frobert O, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bak P, Funch-Jensen P, Bagger JP. Oesophageal sensation assessed by electrical stimuli and brain evoked potentials—a new model for visceral nociception. Gut 1995;37:603–9.
  • Mehta AJ, De Caestecker JS, Camm AJ, Northfield TC. Sensitization to painful distention and abnormal sensory perception in the esophagus. Gastroenterology 1995;108:311–9.
  • Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen JH, Hansen JB, Krarup HB, Tage-Jensen U. Experimental pain in the stomach: a model based on electrical stimulation guided by gastroscopy. Gut 1997;41:753–7.
  • Drewes AM, Schipper KP, Dimcevski G, Petersen P, Andersen OK, Gregersen H, et al. Multimodal assessment of pain in the esophagus: a new experimental model. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G95–103.
  • Arendt-Nielsen L, Drewes AM, Hansen JB, Tage-Jensen U. Gut pain reactions in man: an experimental investigation using short and long duration transmucosal electrical stimulation. Pain 1997;69:255–62.
  • Sarkar S, Aziz Q, Woolf CJ, Hobson AR, Thompson DG. Contribution of central sensitisation to the development of noncardiac chest pain. Lancet 2000;356:1154–9.
  • Drewes AM, Arendt-Nielsen L, Krarup HB, Hansen JB, Tage-Jensen U. Pain evoked by electrical stimulation of the prepyloric region of the stomach: cutaneous sensibility changes in the referred pain area. Pain Res Manage 1999;4:131–7.
  • Hollerbach S. Cerebral evoked responses to gastrointestinal stimulation in humans. Crit Rev Biomed Eng 1997;25:203–42.
  • Frobert O, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bak P, Funch-Jensen P, Peder BJ. Pain perception and brain evoked potentials in patients with angina despite normal coronary angiograms. Heart 1996; 75: 436–41.
  • Rössel P, Petersen P, Niddam D, Arendt-Nielsen L, Chen AC, Drewes AM. Cerebral response to electric stimulation of the colon and abdominal skin in healthy subjects and patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:1259–66.
  • Munakata J, Naliboff B, Harraf F, Kodner A, Lembo T, Chang L, et al. Repetitive sigmoid stimulation induces rectal hyperalgesia in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1997;112:55–63.
  • Frobert O, Arendt-Nielsen L, Bak P, Andersen OK, Funch-Jensen P, Bagger JP. Electric stimulation of the esophageal mucosa. Perception and brain-evoked potentials. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:776–81.
  • Sarkar S, Hobson AR, Furlong PL, Woolf CJ, Thompson DG, Aziz Q. Central neural mechanisms mediating human visceral hypersensitivity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2001;281:G1196–202.
  • Ness TJ, Richter HE, Varner RE, Fillingim RB. A psychophysical study of discomfort produced by repeated filling of the urinary bladder. Pain 1998;76:61–9.
  • Arendt-Nielsen L, Petersen-Felix S, Fischer M, Bak P, Bjerring P, Zbinden AM. The effect of N-methyl-d-aspartate antagonist (ketamine) on single and repeated nociceptive stimuli: a placebo-controlled experimental human study. Anesth Analg 1995;81:63–8.
  • Su X, Gebhart GF. Mechanosensitive pelvic nerve afferent fibers innervating the colon of the rat are polymodal in character. J Neurophysiol 1998;80:2632–44.
  • Handwerker HO. Physiology of experimentally induced pain. Physiol Rev 1993;73:639–71.
  • Tougas G, Hudoba P, Fitzpatrick D, Hunt RH, Upton ARM. Cerebral-evoked potential responses following direct vagal and esophageal electrical stimulation in humans. Am J Physiol 1993;264:G486–91.
  • Hobson AR, Aziz Q, Furlong PL, Barlow JD, Bancewicz J, Thompson DG. Identification of the optimal parameters for recording cortical evoked potentials to human oesophageal electrical stimulation. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1998; 10:42130.
  • Gregersen H, Kraglund K, Djurhuus JC. Variations in duodenal cross-sectional area during the interdigestive migrating motility complex. Am J Physiol 1990;259:G26–31.
  • Mayrand S, Diamant NE. Measurement of human esophageal tone in vivo. Gastroenterology 1993;105:1411–20.
  • Rouillon JM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Reflex changes in intestinal tone: relationship to perception. Am J Physiol 1991; 261:G280–6.
  • Gregersen H, Andersen MB. Impedance measuring system for cross-sectional area in the gastrointestinal tract. Med Biol Eng Comput 1991;29:108–10.
  • Distrutti E, Azpiroz F, Soldevilla A, Malagelada JR. Gastric wall tension determines perception of gastric distention. Gastroenterology 1999;116:1035–42.
  • Gregersen H, Orvar K, Christensen J. Biomechanical properties of duodenal wall and duodenal tone during phase I and phase II of the MMC. Am J Physiol 1992;263:G795–801.
  • Mertz H, Naliboff B, Munakata J, Niazi N, Mayer EA. Altered rectal perception is a biological marker of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995;109:40–52.
  • Kellow JE, Delvaux M, Azpiroz F, Camilleri M, Quigley EM, Thompson DG. Principles of applied neurogastroenterology: physiology/motility-sensation. Gut 1999;45 Suppl 2:II17–24.
  • Drewes AM, Petersen P, Rossel P, Gao C, Hansen JB, ArendtNielsen L. Sensitivity and distensibility of the rectum and sigmoid colon in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 2001;36:827–32.
  • Pedersen J, Gao C, Egekvist H, Bjerring P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gregersen H, et al. Pain and biomechanical responses to distension of the duodenum in patients with systemic sclerosis. Gastroenterology 2003;124:1230–9.
  • Silverman DH, Munakata JA, Ennes H, Mandelkern MA, Hoh CK, Mayer EA. Regional cerebral activity in normal and pathological perception of visceral pain. Gastroenterology 1997;112:64–72.
  • Delvaux M, Louvel D, Lagier E, Scherrer B, Abitbol JL, Frexinos J. The kappa agonist fedotozine relieves hypersensi tivity to colonic distention in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1999;116:38–45.
  • Thumshirn M, Camilleri M, Choi MG, Zinsmeister AR. Modulation of gastric sensory and motor functions by nitrergic and alpha2-adrenergic agents in humans. Gastroenterology 1999;116:573–85.
  • Zighelboim J, Talley NJ, Phillips SF, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR. Visceral perception in irritable bowel syndrome. Rectal and gastric responses to distension and serotonin type 3 antagonism. Dig Dis Sci 1995;40: 819–27.
  • Hjelland IE, Hausken T, Svebak S, Olafsson S, Berstad A. Vagal tone and meal-induced abdominal symptoms in healthy subjects. Digestion 2002;65:172–6.
  • Whitehead WE, Delvaux M. Standardization of barostat procedures for testing smooth muscle tone and sensory thresholds in the gastrointestinal tract. The Working Team of Glaxo-Wellcome Research, UK. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:223–41.
  • Camilleri M. Testing the sensitivity hypothesis in practice: tools and methods, assumptions and pitfalls. Gut 2002;51:134–40.
  • Gregersen H, Christensen J. Gastrointestinal tone. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2000;12:501–8.
  • Gregersen H. Standardization of barostat procedures. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:1416–20.
  • Gregersen H, Emely JL, McGulloch AD. History-dependent mechanical behavior of guinea-pig small intestine. Ann Intern Med 1998;26:850–8.
  • Gao C, Arendt-Nielsen L, Liu W, Petersen P, Gregersen G. Sensory and biomechanical responses to ramp-controlled distension of the human duodenum. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2003;284:G461–71.
  • Drewes AM, Pedersen J, Liu W, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gregersen H. Controlled mechanical distension of the human oesophagus: sensory and biomechanical findings. Scand J Gastroenterol 2003;38:27–35.
  • Petersen P, Gao C, Arendt-Nielsen L, Gregersen H, Drewes AM. Pain intensity and biomechanical responses during ramp-controlled distension of the human rectum. Dig Dis Sci 2003; 48:1310–6.
  • Gregersen H, Kassab G. Biomechanics of the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1996;8:277–97.
  • Barlow JD, Gregersen H, Thompson DG. Identification of biomechanical factors associated with the perception of distension in the human esophagus. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;282:G683–9.
  • Piessevaux H, Tack J, Wilmer A, Coulie B, Geubel A, Janssens J. Perception of changes in wall tension of the proximal stomach in humans. Gut 2001;49:203–8.
  • Gregersen H, Stødkilde-Jørgensen H, Djurhuus JC. The four-electrode impedance technique: a method for investigation of compliance in luminal organs. Clin Phys Physiol Meas 1988;9 Suppl A:61–4.
  • Gregersen H, Barlow J, Thompson D. Development of a computer-controlled tensiometer for real-time measurements of tension in tubular organs. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1999; 11: 109–18.
  • Gregersen H. Biomechanics of the gastrointestinal tract. London: Springer Verlag; 2002.
  • Gregersen H, Gilja OH, Hausken T, Heimdal A, Gao C, Matre K, et al. Mechanical properties in the human gastric antrum using B-mode ultrasonography and antral distension. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2002;283:G368–75.
  • Hertz AF. The sensibility of the alimentary tract in health and disease. Lancet 1911;1:1051–6.
  • Stürup GK. Visceral pain [thesis]. London: HK Lewis and Co. Ltd; 1940.
  • Miller R, Bartolo DC, Cervero F, Mortensen NJ. Anorectal temperature sensation: a comparison of normal and incontinent patients. Br J Surg 1987;74:511–5.
  • Villanova N, Azpiroz F, Malagelada J-R. Perception and gut reflexes induced by stimulation of gastrointestinal thermoreceptors in humans. J Physiol 1997;502:215–22.
  • Drewes AM, Schipper K-P, Dimcevski G, Petersen P, Andersen OK, Gregersen H, et al. Multi-modal induction and assessment of allodynia and hyperalgesia in the human oesophagus. Eur J Pain 2003. In press.
  • Andersen OK, Gracely RH, Arendt-Nielsen L. Facilitation of the human nociceptive reflex by stimulation of A beta-fibres in a secondary hyperalgesic area sustained by nociceptive input from the primary hyperalgesic area. Acta Physiol Scand 1995; 155:87–97.
  • Babenko V, Graven-Nielsen T, Svensson P, Drewes AM, Jensen TS, Arendt-Nielsen L. Experimental muscle pain induced by intramuscular injections of bradykinin, serotonin, and substance P. Eur J Pain 1999;3:93–102.
  • Longhurst JC. Chemosensitive abdominal visceral afferent. In: Gebhart GF, editor. Visceral Pain. Seattle: IASP Press; 1995. p. 99–132.
  • Bernstein LM. A clinical test for esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1958;34:760–81.
  • Tack JF. Chest pain of oesophageal origin. In: Corazziari E, editor. Approach to the patient with chronic gastrointestinal disorders. Milano: Messaggi; 1999. p. 153–70.
  • Lim RK, Miller DG, Guzman F, Rodgers DW, Rogers RW, Wang SK, et al. Pain and analgesia evaluated by the intraperitoneal bradykinin-evoked pain method in man. Clin Pharmacol Ther 1967;8:521–42.
  • Bhoola K, Figueroa C, Worthy K. Bioregulation of kinins: kallikreins, kininogens, and kininases. Pharmacol Rev 1992;44: 1–80.
  • Louvel D, Delvaux M, Staumont G, Camman F, Fioramonti J, Bueno L, et al. Intracolonic injection of glycerol: a model for abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome? Gastroenterology 1996;110:351–61.
  • Bouin M, Delvaux M, Blanc C, Lagier E, Delisle MB, Fioramonti J, et al. Intrarectal injection of glycerol induces hypersensitivity to rectal distension in healthy subjects without modifying rectal compliance. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;13:573–80.
  • Drewes AM, Schipper K-P, Dimcevski G, Petersen P, Gregersen H, Funch-Jensen P, et al. Gut pain and hyperalgesia induced by capsaicin: a human experimental model. Pain 2003; 104:333–41.
  • Graven-Nielsen T, McArdle A, Phoenix J, Arendt-Nielsen L, Jensen TS, Jackson MJ, et al. In vivo model of muscle pain: quantification of intramuscular chemical, electrical, and pressure changes associated with saline-induced muscle pain in humans. Pain 1997;69:137–43.
  • Drewes AM, Babenko L, Birket-Smith L, Funch-Jensen P, Arendt-Nielsen L. Induction of non-painful and painful intestinal sensations by hypertonic saline: a new human experimental model. Eur J Pain 2003;7:81–91.
  • Maggi CA. The dual, sensory and ‘efferent’ function of the capsaicin-sensitive primary sensory neurons in the urinary bladder and uretra. In: Maggi CA, editor. Nervous control of the urogenital system. Chur: Harwood Academic Publishers; 1993. p. 382–422.
  • Ohman U. Studies on small intestinal obstruction. Acta Chir Scand Suppl 1975;452:1–41.
  • Enggaard TP, Poulsen L, Arendt-Nielsen L, Hansen SH, Bjornsdottir I, Gram LF, et al. The analgesic effect of codeine as compared to imipramine in different human experimental pain models. Pain 2001;92:277–82.
  • Hollerbach S, Hudoba P, Fitzpatrick D, Hunt R, Upton AR, Tougas G. Cortical evoked responses following esophageal balloon distension and electrical stimulation in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:2558–66.
  • Mayer EA, Munakata J, Mertz H, Lembo T, Bernstein CN. Visceral hyperalgesia and irritable bowel syndrome. In: Gebhart GF, editor. Visceral pain. Progress in pain research and management. Seattle: IASP Press; 1995. p. 429–68.
  • Yaksh TL. Spinal systems and pain processing: development of novel analgesic drugs with mechanistically defined methods. Trends Pharmacol Sci 1999;20:329–37.
  • Ness TJ, Metcalf AM, Gebhart GF. A psychophysiological study in humans using phasic colonic distension as a noxious visceral stimulus. Pain 1990;43:377–86.
  • Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Perception and reflex responses to intestinal distention in humans are modified by simultaneous or previous stimulation. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:1742–9.
  • DeVault KR. Acid infusion does not affect intraesophageal balloon distention-induced sensory and pain thresholds. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:947–9.
  • Fass R, Naliboff B, Higa L, Johnson C, Kodner A, Munakata J, et al. Differential effect of long-term esophageal acid exposure on mechanosensitivity and chemosensitivity in humans. Gastroenterology 1998;115:1363–73.
  • Hu WH, Martin CJ, Talley NJ. Intraesophageal acid perfusion sensitizes the esophagus to mechanical distension: a Barostat study. Am J Gastroenterol 2000;95:2189–94.
  • Koltzenburg M. Mechanically insensitive primary afferents innervating the urinary bladder. In: Gebhart GF, editor. Visceral pain. Progress in pain research and management. Seattle: IASP Press; 1994. p. 163–92.
  • Gonzalez R, Dunkel R, Koletzko B, Schusdziarra V, Allescher HD. Effect of capsaicin-containing red pepper sauce suspension on upper gastrointestinal motility in healthy volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 1998;43:1165–71.
  • Rodriguez-Stanley S, Collings KL, Robinson M, Owen W, Miner PB, Jr. The effects of capsaicin on reflux, gastric emptying and dyspepsia. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 129–34.
  • Barbera R, Feinle C, Read NW. Abnormal sensitivity to duodenal lipid infusion in patients with functional dyspepsia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995;7:1051–7.
  • Simren M, Abrahamsson H, Bjornsson ES. An exaggerated sensory component of the gastrocolonic response in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 2001;48:20–7.
  • Chapman CR, Syrjala KL. Measurement of pain. In: Bonica JJ, editor. The management of pain. Malvern: Lea and Febiger; 1990. p. 580–94.
  • Gao C, Petersen P, Liu W, Arendt-Nielsen L, Drewes AM, Gregersen H. Sensory-motor responses to volume-controlled duodenal distension. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2002; 14: 36574.
  • Drewes AM, Helweg-Larsen S, Petersen P, Brennum J, Andreasen A, Poulsen LH, et al. McGill Pain Questionnaire translated into Danish: experimental and clinical findings. Clin J Pain 1993;9:80–7.
  • Bajaj P, Drewes AM, Gregersen H, Petersen P, Madsen H, Arendt-Nielsen L. Controlled dilatation of the uterine cervix: an experimental visceral pain model. Pain 2002;99:433–42.
  • Ford MJ, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Hanson RB. Psychosensory modulation of colonic sensation in the human transverse and sigmoid colon. Gastroenterology 1995;109: 1772–80.
  • Cervero F. Sensory innervation of the viscera: peripheral basis of visceral pain. Physiol Rev 1994;74:95–138.
  • Sach J, Bolus R, Fitzgerald L, Naliboff BD, Chang L, Mayer EA. Is there a difference between abdominal pain and discomfort in moderate to severe IBS patients. Am J Gastroenterol 2002;97:3131–8.
  • Torebjork E. Nociceptor activation and pain. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 1985;308:227–34.
  • Stawowy M, Rossel P, Bluhme C, Funch-Jensen P, ArendtNielsen L, Drewes AM. Somatosensory changes in the referred pain area following acute inflammation of the appendix. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002;14:1079–84.
  • Swarbrick ET, Hegarty JE, Bat L, Williams CB, Dawson AM. Site of pain from the irritable bowel. Lancet 1980;2:443–6.
  • Mertz H, Fullerton S, Naliboff B, Mayer EA. Symptoms and visceral perception in severe functional and organic dyspepsia. Gut 1998;42:814–22.
  • Malcolm A, Phillips SF, Kellow JE, Cousins MJ. Direct clinical evidence for spinal hyperalgesia in a patient with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:2427–31.
  • Andersen OK. Physiological and pharmacological modulation of the human nociceptive withdrawal reflex [thesis]. Aalborg University, Aalborg, Denmark; 1996.
  • Bouhassira D, Chollet R, Coffin B, Lemann M, Le Bars D, Willer JC, et al. Inhibition of a somatic nociceptive reflex by gastric distention in humans. Gastroenterology 1994;107:985–92.
  • Bouhassira D, Sabate JM, Coffin B, Le Bars D, Willer JC, Jian R. Effects of rectal distensions on nociceptive flexion reflexes in humans. Am J Physiol 1998;275:G410–7.
  • Andersen OK, Felsby S, Nicolaisen L, Bjerring P, Jensen TS, Arendt-Nielsen L. The effect of Ketamine on stimulation of primary and secondary hyperalgesic areas induced by capsaicin: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, human experimental study. Pain 1996;66:51–62.
  • Bromm B, Scharein E, Vahle-Hinz C. Cortex areas involved in the processing of normal and altered pain. Prog Brain Res 2000;129:289–302.
  • Valeriani M, Le Pera D, Tonali P. Characterizing somatosensory evoked potential sources with dipole models: advantages and limitations. Muscle Nerve 2001;24:325–39.
  • Chen AC. New perspectives in EEG/MEG brain mapping and PET/fMRI neuroimaging of human pain. Int J Psychophysiol 2001;42:147–59.
  • Mayer EA. Spinal and supraspinal modulation of visceral sensation. Gut 2000;47 Suppl 4:69–72.
  • Delechenault P, Leroi AM, Bruna T, Denis P, Weber J. Cerebral potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the anal canal. Dis Colon Rectum 1993;36:55–60.
  • Loening-Baucke V, Read NW, Yamada T. Further evaluation of the afferent nervous pathways from the rectum. Am J Physiol 1992;262:G927–33.
  • Rössel P, Arendt-Nielsen L, Niddam D, Chen ACN, Drewes AM. Short latency cerebral response evoked by painful electrical stimulation applied to the human sigmoid colon and to the convergent referred somatic pain area. Exp Brain Res 2003;151:115–22.
  • Kanazawa M, Nomura T, Fukudo S, Hongo M. Abnormal visceral perception in patients with functional dyspepsia: use of cerebral potentials evoked by electrical stimulation of the oesophagus. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2000;12:87–94.
  • Mertz H, Morgan V, Tanner G, Pickens D, Price R, Shyr Y, et al. Regional cerebral activation in irritable bowel syndrome and control subjects with painful and nonpainful rectal distention. Gastroenterology 2000;118:842–8.
  • Korczyn AD. Handbook of autonomic nervous system dysfunction. New York: Marcel Dekker, Inc.; 1995.
  • Iovino P, Azpiroz F, Domingo E, Malagelada JR. The sympathetic nervous system modulates perception and reflex responses to gut distention in humans. Gastroenterology 1995; 108:680–6.
  • Emmanuel AV, Mason HJ, Kamm MA. Relationship between psychological state and level of activity of extrinsic gut innervation in patients with a functional gut disorder. Gut 2001;49:209–13.
  • Karling P, Nyhlin H, Wiklund U, Sjoberg M, Olofsson BO, Bjerle P. Spectral analysis of heart rate variability in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33: 572–6.
  • Adeyemi EO, Desai KD, Towsey M, Ghista D. Characterization of autonomic dysfunction in patients with irritable bowel syndrome by means of heart rate variability studies. Am J Gastroenterol 1999;94:816–23.
  • Tougas G, Spaziani R, Hollerbach S, Djuric V, Pang C, Upton AR, et al. Cardiac autonomic function and oesophageal acid sensitivity in patients with non-cardiac chest pain. Gut2001;49: 706–12.
  • Muth ER, Koch KL, Stern RM. Significance of autonomic nervous system activity in functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci 2000;45:854–63.
  • Fallen EL, Kamath MV, Tougas G, Upton A. Afferent vagal modulation. Clinical studies of visceral sensory input. Auton Neurosci 2001;90:35–40.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.