38
Views
8
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review

Oesophageal stenting

&
Pages 1-14 | Received 13 Apr 2004, Accepted 11 Jul 2004, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Blot WJ, Devesa SS, Kneller RW, Fraumeni JF Jr. Rising incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and gastric cardia. JAMA 1991;265:1287–9.
  • Pera M, Cameron AJ, Trastek VF, Carpenter HA, Zinsmeister AR. Increasing incidence of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus and esophagogastric junction. Gastroenterology 1993;104:510–3.
  • Fleischer D. Four things to recall about esophageal cancer. Endoscopy 1998;30:311–2.
  • Earlam R, Cunha-Melo JR. Oesophageal squamous cell carcinoma. I. A critical review of surgery. Br J Surg 1980;67:381–90.
  • Watson A. Surgery for carcinoma of the oesophagus. Postgrad Med J 1998;64:860–4.
  • Bown SG. Palliation of malignant dysphagia: surgery, radiotherapy, laser, intubation alone or in combination? Gut 1991;32:841–4.
  • Lambert R. Esophageal cancer: which stent, who places it, and where? Endoscopy 1995;27:509–11.
  • Reed CE, Marsh WH, Carlson LS, Seymore CH, Kratz JM. Prospective, randomized trial of palliative treatment for unresectable cancer of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;51:552–5; discussion 556.
  • Postlethwait RW. Complications and deaths after operations for esophageal carcinoma. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 1983;85:827–31.
  • Muller JM, Erasmi H, Stelzner M, Zieren U, Pichlmaier H. Surgical therapy of oesophageal carcinoma. Br J Surg 1990;77:845–57.
  • Meunier B, Spiliopoulos Y, Stasik C, Lakehal M, Malledant Y, Launois B. Retrosternal bypass operation for unresectable squamous cell cancer of the esophagus. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;62:373–7.
  • Fleischer D, Kessler F. Endoscopic Nd:YAG laser therapy for carcinoma of the esophagus: a new form of palliative treatment. Gastroenterology 1983;85:600–6.
  • Mason RC, Bright N, McColl I. Palliation of malignant dysphagia with laser therapy: predictability of results. Br J Surg 1991;78:1346–7.
  • Maciel J, Barbosa J, Leal AS. Nd-YAG laser as a palliative treatment for malignant dysphagia. Eur J Surg Oncol 1996;22:69–73.
  • Norberto L, Ranzato R, Marino S, Angriman I, Erroi F, Donadi M, et al. Endoscopic palliation of esophageal and cardial cancer: neodymium-yttrium aluminum garnet laser therapy. Dis Esophagus 1999;12:294–6.
  • Robertson GS, Thomas M, Jamieson J, Veitch PS, Dennison AR. Palliation of oesophageal carcinoma using the argon beam coagulator. Br J Surg 1996;83:1769–71.
  • Heindorff H, Wojdemann M, Bisgaard T, Svendsen LB. Endoscopic palliation of inoperable cancer of the oesophagus or cardia by argon electrocoagulation. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998;33:21–3.
  • Van Laethem JL. Endoscopic palliation of inoperable cancer of the esophagus by argon electrocoagulation. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:295–7.
  • Akhtar K, Byrne JP, Bancewicz J, Attwood SE. Argon beam plasma coagulation in the management of cancers of the esophagus and stomach. Surg Endosc 2000;14:1127–30.
  • Conio M, Bonelli L, Martines H, Munizzi F, Aste H. Palliative bipolar electrocoagulation treatment of malignant gastroesophageal strictures. Surg Endosc 1990;4:164–7.
  • Johnston JH, Fleischer D, Petrini J, Nord HJ. Palliative bipolar electrocoagulation therapy of obstructing esophageal cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1987;33:349–53.
  • Heier SK, Rothman KA, Heier LM, Rosenthal WS. Photodynamic therapy for obstructing esophageal cancer: light dosimetry and randomized comparison with Nd:YAG laser therapy. Gastroenterology 1995;109:63–72.
  • Luketich JD, Christie NA, Buenaventura PO, Weigel TL, Keenan RJ, Nguyen NT. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy for obstructing esophageal cancer: 77 cases over a 2-year period. Surg Endosc 2000;14:653–7.
  • Lightdale CJ, Heier SK, Marcon NE, McCaughan JS Jr, Gerdes H, Overholt BF, et al. Photodynamic therapy with porfimer sodium versus thermal ablation therapy with Nd:YAG laser for palliation of esophageal cancer: a multicenter randomized trial. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:507–12.
  • Chung SC, Leong HT, Choi CY, Leung JW, Li AK. Palliation of malignant oesophageal obstruction by endoscopic alcohol injection. Endoscopy 1994;26:275–7.
  • Payne-James JJ, Spiller RC, Misiewicz JJ, Silk DB. Use of ethanol-induced tumor necrosis to palliate dysphagia in patients with esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1990;36:418–9.
  • Moreira LS, Coelho RC, Sadala RU, Dani R. The use of ethanol injection under endoscopic control to palliate dysphagia caused by esophagogastric cancer. Endoscopy 1994;26:311–4.
  • Monga SP, Wadleigh R, Sharma A, Adib H, Strader D, Singh G, et al. Intratumoral therapy of cisplatin/epinephrine injectable gel for palliation in patients with obstructive esophageal cancer. Am J Clin Oncol 2000;23:386–92.
  • Malhotra H, Plosker GL. Cisplatin/epinephrine injectable gel. Drugs Aging 2001;18:787–93; discussion 794–5.
  • Concise Oxford Dictionary. 10th ed.
  • Robertson E, Noble H, McGowan D. A compostion on ‘stents’, in History of Dentistry Research Group. October 2003.
  • D’Etoilles L. La lanacherie de l’esophagotomie. 1845.
  • Symonds C. Mr Symond’s case of stricture of the oesophagus. Trans Clin Soc 1885;28:155–8.
  • Symonds C. The treatment of malignant stricture of the oesophagus by tubage or permanent catheterisim. Br Med J 1887;1:870–3.
  • Souttar HS. A method of intubating the oesophagus for malignant stricture. Br Med J 1924;1:782–3.
  • Coyas A. Palliative intubation in carcinoma of oesophagus. Lancet 1955;269:647–9.
  • Coyas A, Triboulet-Piton J. [Results obtained by a new method of palliative intubation of inoperable cancer of the esophagus.]. Ann Otolaryngol Chir Cervicofac 1955;72:143–7.
  • Mousseau, Le Forestier J, Barbin J, Hardy M. [Role of permanent intubation in palliative treatment of esophageal cancer.] Arch Mal Appar Dig Mal Nutr 1956;45:208–14.
  • Celestin LR. Permanent intubation in inoperable cancer of the oesophagus and cardia: a new tube. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1959;25:165–70.
  • Weisel W, Raine F, Watson RR, Frederick JJ. Palliative treatment of esophageal carcinoma: a method and its evaluation. Ann Surg 1959;149:207–16.
  • O’Connor T, Watson R, Lepley D Jr, Weisel W. Esophageal prosthesis for palliative intubation. Further evaluation of 378 patients. Arch Surg 1963;87: 275–8.
  • Boyce HW, Jr. Nonsurgical measures to relieve distresses of late esophageal carcinoma. Geriatrics 1973;28:97–102.
  • Atkinson M, Ferguson R, Parker GC. Tube introducer and modified Celestin tube for use in palliative intubation of oesophagogastric neoplasms at fibreoptic endoscopy. Gut 1978;19:669–71.
  • Frimberger E. Expanding spiral: a new type of prosthesis for the palliative treatment of malignant esophageal stenoses. Endoscopy 1983;15 Suppl 1:213–4.
  • Decker P, Lippler J, Decker D, Hirner A. Use of the Polyflex stent in the palliative therapy of esophageal carcinoma: results in 14 cases and review of the literature. Surg Endosc 2001;15:1444–7.
  • Chan AC, Shin FG, Lam YH, Ng EK, Sung JJ, Lau JY, et al. A comparison study on physical properties of selfexpandable esophageal metal stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49(4 Pt1):462–5.
  • Baron TH. A practical guide for choosing an expandable metal stent for GI malignancies: is a stent by any other name still a stent? Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:269–72.
  • May A, Hahn EG, Ell C. Self-expanding metal stents for palliation of malignant obstruction in the upper gastrointestinal tract. Comparative assessment of three stent types implemented in 96 implantations. J Clin Gastroenterol 1996;22: 261–6.
  • Sabharwal T, Hamady MS, Chui S, Atkinson S, Mason R, Adam A. A randomised prospective comparison of the Flamingo Wallstent and Ultraflex stent for palliation of dysphagia associated with lower third oesophageal carcinoma. Gut 2003;52:922–6.
  • Bethge N, Sommer A, Vakil N. A prospective trial of selfexpanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal strictures near the upper esophageal sphincter. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:300–3.
  • Profili S, Meloni GB, Feo CF, Pischedda A, Bozzo C, Ginesu GC, et al. Self-expandable metal stents in the management of cervical oesophageal and/or hypopharyngeal strictures. Clin Radiol 2002;57:1028–33.
  • Law S, Tung PH, Chu KM, Wong J. Self-expanding metallic stents for palliation of recurrent malignant esophageal obstruction after subtotal esophagectomy for cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;50:427–36.
  • Dasgupta A, Jain P, Sandur S, Dolmatch BL, Geisinger MA, Mehta AC. Airway complications of esophageal selfexpandable metallic stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:532–5.
  • Di Simone MP, Mattioli S, D’Ovidio F, Bassi F. Threedimensional CT imaging and virtual endoscopy for the placement of self-expandable stents in oesophageal and tracheobronchial neoplastic stenoses. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2003;23:106–8.
  • Siersema PD, Schrauwen SL, van Blankenstein M, Steyerberg EW, van der Gaast A, Tilanus HW, et al. Selfexpanding metal stents for complicated and recurrent esophagogastric cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:579–86.
  • Hills KS, Chopra KB, Pal A, Westaby D. Self-expanding metal oesophageal endoprostheses, covered and uncovered: a review of 30 cases. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10:371–4.
  • Davies N, Thomas HG, Eyre-Brook IA. Palliation of dysphagia from inoperable oesophageal carcinoma using Atkinson tubes or self-expanding metal stents. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1998;80:394–7.
  • Adam A, Ellul J, Watkinson AF, Tan BS, Morgan RA, Saunders MP, et al. Palliation of inoperable esophageal carcinoma: a prospective randomized trial of laser therapy and stent placement. Radiology 1997;202:344–8.
  • Acunas B, Rozanes I, Akpinar S, Tunaci A, Tunaci M, Acunas G. Palliation of malignant esophageal strictures with self-expanding nitinol stents: drawbacks and complications. Radiology 1996;199:648–52.
  • Gupta NK, Boylan CE, Razzaq R, England RE, Mirra L, Martin DF. Self-expanding oesophageal metal stents for the palliation of dysphagia due to extrinsic compression. Eur Radiol 1999;9:1893–7.
  • De Gregorio BT, Kinsman K, Katon RM, Morrison K, Saxon RR, Barton RE, et al. Treatment of esophageal obstruction from mediastinal compressive tumor with covered, self-expanding metallic Z-stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:483–9.
  • Raijman I, Kortan P, Haber GB, Marcon NE. Contrast injection to identify tumor margins during esophageal stent placement. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40(2 Pt1):222–4.
  • de Boer WA, van Haren F, Driessen WM. Marking clips for the accurate positioning of self-expandable esophageal stents. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;42:73–6.
  • Mosca F, Stracqualursi A, Portale TR, Consoli A, Latteri S. Palliative treatment of malignant esophageal stenosis: the role of self-expanding stent endoscopic implantation. Dis Esophagus 2000;13:301–4.
  • Singhvi R, Abbasakoor F, Manson JM. Insertion of selfexpanding metal stents for malignant dysphagia: assessment of a simple endoscopic method. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 2000;82:243–8.
  • Austin AS, Khan Z, Cole AT, Freeman JG. Placement of esophageal self-expanding metallic stents without fluoroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:357–9.
  • Knyrin K, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of metal stents for malignant obstruction of the common bile duct. Endoscopy 1993;25:207–12.
  • Kozarek RA, Ball TJ, Brandabur JJ, Patterson DJ, Low D, Hill L, et al. Expandable versus conventional esophageal prostheses: easier insertion may not preclude subsequent stent-related problems. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:204–8.
  • De Palma GD, di Matteo E, Romano G, Fimmano A, Rondinone G, Catanzano C. Plastic prosthesis versus expandable metal stents for palliation of inoperable esophageal thoracic carcinoma: a controlled prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:478–82.
  • Taal BG, Kooyman WM, Boot H. Expandable stents compared to conventional plastic endoprostheses in malignant oesophageal obstruction, especially in cardiac cancer and fistulas: the experience of the Netherlands Cancer Institute. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10:745–52.
  • Roseveare CD, Patel P, Simmonds N, Goggin PM, Kimble J, Shepherd HA. Metal stents improve dysphagia, nutrition and survival in malignant oesophageal stenosis: a randomized controlled trial comparing modified Gianturco Z-stents with plastic Atkinson tubes. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1998;10:653–7.
  • Siersema PD, Hop WC, Dees J, Tilanus HW, van Blankenstein M. Coated self-expanding metal stents versus latex prostheses for esophagogastric cancer with special reference to prior radiation and chemotherapy: a controlled, prospective study. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;47:113–20.
  • Gevers AM, Macken E, Hiele M, Rutgeerts P. A comparison of laser therapy, plastic stents, and expandable metal stents for palliation of malignant dysphagia in patients without a fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:383–8.
  • Sanyika C, Corr P, Haffejee A. Palliative treatment of oesophageal carcinoma: efficacy of plastic versus selfexpandable stents. S Afr Med J 1999;89:640–3.
  • O’Donnell CA, Fullarton GM, Watt E, Lennon K, Murray GD, Moss JG. Randomized clinical trial comparing selfexpanding metallic stents with plastic endoprostheses in the palliation of oesophageal cancer. Br J Surg 2002;89:985–92.
  • Mosca F, Consoli A, Stracqualursi A, Persi A, Portale TR. Comparative retrospective study on the use of plastic prostheses and self-expanding metal stents in the palliative treatment of malignant strictures of the esophagus and cardia. Dis Esophagus 2003;16:119–25.
  • Vakil N, Morris AI, Marcon N, Segalin A, Peracchia A, Bethge N, et al. A prospective, randomized, controlled trial of covered expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction at the gastroesophageal junction. Am J Gastroenterol 2001;96:1791–6.
  • De Ronde T, Martinet JP, Delos M, Jamart J, Lacrosse M, Melange M. Oesophageal self expanding metal stents. Preliminary report about covered and non-covered types. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 2000;63:331–5.
  • Barr H, Krasner N, Raouf A, Walker RJ. Prospective randomised trial of laser therapy only and laser therapy followed by endoscopic intubation for the palliation of malignant dysphagia. Gut 1990;31:252–8.
  • Sihvo EI, Pentikainen T, Luostarinen ME, Ramo OJ, Salo JA. Inoperable adenocarcinoma of the oesophagogastric junction: a comparative clinical study of laser coagulation versus self-expanding metallic stents with special reference to cost analysis. Eur J Surg Oncol 2002;28:711–5.
  • Loizou LA, Grigg D, Atkinson M, Robertson C, Bown SG. A prospective comparison of laser therapy and intubation in endoscopic palliation for malignant dysphagia. Gastroenterology 1991;100(5 Pt1):1303–10.
  • Dallal HJ, Smith GD, Grieve DC, Ghosh S, Penman ID, Palmer KR. A randomized trial of thermal ablative therapy versus expandable metal stents in the palliative treatment of patients with esophageal carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;54:549–57.
  • Carter R, Smith JS, Anderson JR. Laser recanalization versus endoscopic intubation in the palliation of malignant dysphagia: a randomized prospective study. Br J Surg 1992;79:1167–70.
  • Aoki T, Osaka Y, Takagi Y, Okada R, Shinohara M, Tsuchida A, et al. Comparative study of self-expandable metallic stent and bypass surgery for inoperable esophageal cancer. Dis Esophagus 2001;14:208–11.
  • Dumonceau JM, Cremer M, Lalmand B, Deviere J. Esophageal fistula sealing: choice of stent, practical management, and cost. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:70–8.
  • Burt M, Diehl W, Martini N, Bains MS, Ginsberg RJ, McCormack PM, et al. Malignant esophagorespiratory fistula: management options and survival. Ann Thorac Surg 1991;52:1222–8; discussion 1228–9.
  • Campion JP, Bourdelat D, Launois B. Surgical treatment of malignant esophagotracheal fistulas. Am J Surg 1983;146:641–6.
  • Duranceau A, Jamieson GG. Malignant tracheoesophageal fistula. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:346–54.
  • Conlan AA, Nicolaou N, Delikaris PG, Pool R. Pessimism concerning palliative bypass procedures for established malignant esophagorespiratory fistulas: a report of 18 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 1984;37:108–10.
  • Milunski MR. Management of malignant tracheoesophageal fistula using a Celestin tube. N C Med J 1987;48:565– 6.
  • Robertson CS, Atkinson M. A modified prosthetic oesophageal tube to manage malignant oesophago-respiratory fistula. Lancet 1986;2:949–50.
  • Straumann A, Gyr K, Stalder GA. Occlusion of a malignant esophagobronchial fistula with an adhesive-anchored endoprosthesis. Schweiz Rundsch Med Prax 1984;73:1086– 7.
  • McGrath JP, Browne M, Riordan C, Ravi N, Reynolds JV. Expandable metal stents in the palliation of malignant dysphagia and oesophageal-respiratory fistulae. Ir Med J 2001;94:270–2.
  • Nicholson DA. Tracheal and oesophageal stenting for carcinoma of the upper oesophagus invading the tracheobronchial tree. Clin Radiol 1998;53:760–3.
  • Ellul JP, Morgan R, Gold D, Dussek J, Mason RC, Adam A. Parallel self-expanding covered metal stents in the trachea and oesophagus for the palliation of complex high tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Br J Surg 1996;83:1767–8.
  • Cook TA, Dehn TC. Use of covered expandable metal stents in the treatment of oesophageal carcinoma and tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Br J Surg 1996;83:1417–8.
  • Colt HG, Meric B, Dumon JF. Double stents for carcinoma of the esophagus invading the tracheo-bronchial tree. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:485–9.
  • Raijman I, Siddique I, Ajani J, Lynch P. Palliation of malignant dysphagia and fistulae with coated expandable metal stents: experience with 101 patients. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:172–9.
  • Mohammed S, Moss J. Palliation of malignant tracheo-oesophageal fistula using covered metal stents. Clin Radiol 1996;51:42–6.
  • Wu WC, Katon RM, Saxon RR, Barton RE, Uchida BT, Keller FS, et al. Silicone-covered self-expanding metallic stents for the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction and esophagorespiratory fistulas: experience in 32 patients and a review of the literature. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:22–33.
  • Buset M, Des Marez B, Cremer M. Endoscopic palliative intubation of the esophagus invaded by lung cancer. Gastrointest Endosc 1990;36:357–9.
  • Cellier C, Landi B, Faye A, Wind P, Frileux P, Cugnenc PH, et al. Upper gastrointestinal tract fistulae: endoscopic obliteration with fibrin sealant. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:731–3.
  • Vandenplas Y, Helven R, Derop H, Malfroot A, De Backer T, Beyens T, et al. Endoscopic obliteration of recurrent tracheoesophageal fistula. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:374–7.
  • Bouchi J. Closure of a tracheoesophageal fistula by bron choscopic application of tissue glue. Chest 1993;103:980.
  • Deviere J, Quarre JP, Love J, Cremer M. Self-expandable stent and injection of tissue adhesive for malignant bronch oesophageal fistula. Gastrointest Endosc 1994;40:508–10.
  • Storms P, Pagliero KM. Self-adjusting stent in the management of malignant tracheo-oesophageal fistula. Acta Chir Belg 1990;90:9–12.
  • Irving JD, Simson JN. A new cuffed oesophageal prosthesis for the management of malignant oesophago-respiratory fistula. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1988;70:13–5.
  • Sargeant IR, Thorpe S, Bown SG. Cuffed esophageal prosthesis: a useful device in desperate situations in esophageal malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:669–75.
  • Lux G, Wilson D, Wilson J, Demling L. A cuffed tube for the treatment of oesophago-bronchial fistulae. Endoscopy 1987;19:28–30.
  • Hordijk ML, Dees J, van Blankenstein M. The management of malignant esophago-respiratory fistulas with a cuffed prosthesis. Endoscopy 1990;22:241–4.
  • Muto M, Ohtsu A, Miyata Y, Shioyama Y, Boku N, Yoshida S. Self-expandable metallic stents for patients with recurrent esophageal carcinoma after failure of primary chemoradiotherapy. Jpn J Clin Oncol 2001;31:270–4.
  • Bethge N, Sommer A, von Kleist D, Vakil N. A prospective trial of self-expanding metal stents in the palliation of malignant esophageal obstruction after failure of primary curative therapy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:283–6.
  • Alberts AS, Burger W, Greeff F, Schoeman L, Friediger D, Nel J, et al. Severe complications of 5-fluorouracil and cisplatin with concomitant radiotherapy in inoperable nonmetastatic squamous cell oesophageal cancer after intubation: early termination of a prospective randomised trial. Eur J Cancer 1992;28A:1005–6.
  • Sumiyoshi T, Gotoda T, Muro K, Rembacken B, Goto M, Sumiyoshi Y, et al. Morbidity and mortality after selfexpandable metallic stent placement in patients with progressive or recurrent esophageal cancer after chemoradiotherapy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;57:882–5.
  • Kinsman KJ, DeGregorio BT, Katon RM, Morrison K, Saxon RR, Keller FS, et al. Prior radiation and chemotherapy increase the risk of life-threatening complications after insertion of metallic stents for esophagogastric malignancy. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:196–203.
  • Maier A, Pinter H, Friehs GB, Renner H, Smolle-Juttner FM. Self-expandable coated stent after intraluminal treatment of esophageal cancer: a risky procedure? Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:781–4.
  • Raijman I, Siddique I, Lynch P. Does chemoradiation therapy increase the incidence of complications with selfexpanding coated stents in the management of malignant esophageal strictures? Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:2192–6.
  • Polinder S, Homs MY, Siersema PD. Steyerberg EW and the Dutch SIREC Study Group. Cost study of metal stent placement vs single-dose brachytherapy in the palliative treatment of oesophageal cancer. Br J Cancer 2004; 90:2067–72.
  • Dua KS, Kozarek R, Kim J, Evans J, Medda BK, Lang I, et al. Self-expanding metal esophageal stent with anti-reflux mechanism. Gastrointest Endosc 2001;53:603–13.
  • Song HY, Do YS, Han YM, Sung KB, Choi EK, Sohn KH, et al. Covered, expandable esophageal metallic stent tubes: experiences in 119 patients. Radiology 1994;193:689–95.
  • May A, Selmaier M, Hochberger J, Gossner L, Muhldorfer S, Hahn EG, et al. Memory metal stents for palliation of malignant obstruction of the oesophagus and cardia. Gut 1995;37:309–13.
  • De Palma GD, Galloro G, Sivero L, Di Matteo E, Labianca O, Siciliano S, et al. Self-expanding metal stents for palliation of inoperable carcinoma of the esophagus and gastroesophageal junction. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90:2140–2.
  • Valbuena J. Endoscopic palliative treatment of esophageal and cardial cancer: a new antireflux prosthesis. A study of 40 cases. Cancer 1984;53:993–8.
  • Wang PY, Chen CY, Chen CL. A check-valve device for prevention of regurgitation after endoesophageal intubation. Ann Thorac Surg 1986;42:565–7.
  • Kocher M, Dlouhy M, Neoral C, Buriankova E, Gryga A, Duda M, et al. Esophageal stent with antireflux valve for tumors involving the cardia: work in progress. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1998;9:1007–10.
  • Do YS, Choo SW, Suh SW, Kang WK, Rhee PL, Kim K, et al. Malignant esophagogastric junction obstruction: palliative treatment with an antireflux valve stent. J Vasc Interv Radiol 2001;12:647–51.
  • Laasch HU, Marriott A, Wilbraham L, Tunnah S, England RE, Martin DF. Effectiveness of open versus antireflux stents for palliation of distal esophageal carcinoma and prevention of symptomatic gastroesophageal reflux. Radiology 2002;225:359–65.
  • Sargeant IR, Loizou LA, Tulloch M, Thorpe S, Brown SG. Recanalization of tube overgrowth: a useful new indication for laser in palliation of malignant dysphagia. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:165–9.
  • Grund KE, Storek D, Becker HD. Highly flexible selfexpanding meshed metal stents for palliation of malignant esophagogastric obstruction. Endoscopy 1995;27:486–94.
  • Ell C, Fleig WE, Hochberger J. Broken biliary metal stent after repeated electrocoagulation for tumor ingrowth. Gastrointest Endosc 1992;38:197–9.
  • Hochberger J. Laser, monopolar, bipolar and Argon Beamer electrocoagulation for tumor ingrowth or overgrowth of coated and non-caoted metal endoprostheses [abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:36.
  • Tan WC. Photodynamic therapy for dysphagia due to failure of metallic mesh endoprosthesis. Illustrated Case Reports Gastroenterol 1995;2:31–4.
  • Litle VR, Luketich JD, Christie NA, Buenaventura PO, Alvelo-Rivera M, McCaughan JS, et al. Photodynamic therapy as palliation for esophageal cancer: experience in 215 patients. Ann Thorac Surg 2003;76:1687–92; discussion 1692–3.
  • Moghissi K, Hudson E, Stringer M. Photodynamic therapy for oesophageal caner. Lasers Med Sci 1995;10:67–71.
  • Moghissi K, Dixon K, Thorpe JA, Stringer M, Moore PJ. The role of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in inoperable oesophageal cancer. Eur J Cardiothorac Surg 2000;17:95–100.
  • McCaughan JS Jr, Ellison EC, Guy JT, Hicks WJ, Jones JJ, Laufman LR, et al. Photodynamic therapy for esophageal malignancy: a prospective twelve-year study. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;62:1005–9; discussion 1009–10.
  • Sibille A, Lambert R, Souquet JC, Sabben G, Descos F. Long-term survival after photodynamic therapy for esophageal cancer. Gastroenterology 1995;108:337–44.
  • Patrice T, Foultier MT, Yactayo S, Adam F, Galmiche JP, Douet MC, et al. Endoscopic photodynamic therapy with hematoporphyrin derivative for primary treatment of gastrointestinal neoplasms in inoperable patients. Dig Dis Sci 1990;35:545–52.
  • Raijman I, Lalor E, Marcon NE. Photodynamic therapy for tumor ingrowth through an expandable esophageal stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1995;41:73–4.
  • Scheider DM, Siemens M, Cirocco M, Haber GB, Kandel G, Kortan P, et al. Photodynamic therapy for the treatment of tumor ingrowth in expandable esophageal stents. Endoscopy 1997;29:271–4.
  • Messmann H, Holstege A, Szeimies RM, Lock G, Bown SG, Scholmerich J. Photodynamic therapy: a safe and effective treatment for tumor overgrowth in patients with oesophageal cancer and metal stents. Endoscopy 1995;27:629.
  • Angelini G, Pasini AF, Ederle A, Castagnini A, Talamini G, Bulighin G. Nd:YAG laser versus polidocanol injection for palliation of esophageal malignancy: a prospective, randomized study. Gastrointest Endosc 1991;37:607–10.
  • Lagattolla NR, Rowe PH, Anderson H, Dunk AA. Restenting malignant oesophageal strictures. Br J Surg 1998; 85:261–3.
  • Bufkin BL, Miller JI Jr, Mansour KA. Esophageal perforation: emphasis on management. Ann Thorac Surg 1996;61:1447–51; discussion 1451–2.
  • Boerhaave H. Atrocis, nec descripti prius, morbid historia. Secundum medicae artis leges concripta. Lugduni Bata-vorum Boutesteniana, 1724.
  • Walker WS, Cameron EW, Walbaum PR. Diagnosis and management of spontaneous transmural rupture of the oesophagus (Boerhaave’s syndrome). Br J Surg 1985;72:204–7.
  • Michel L, Grillo HC, Malt RA. Operative and nonoperative management of esophageal perforations. Ann Surg 1981;194:57–63.
  • Tilanus HW, Bossuyt P, Schattenkerk ME, Obertop H. Treatment of oesophageal perforation: a multivariate analysis. Br J Surg 1991;78:582–5.
  • Janjua KJ. Boerhaave’s syndrome. Postgrad Med J 1997;73:265–70.
  • Tsunoda S, Shimada Y, Watanabe G, Nakau M, Imamura M. Covered metallic stent treatment of a patient with spontaneous rupture of the esophagus. Dis Esophagus 2001;14:254–7.
  • Eubanks PJ, Hu E, Nguyen D, Procaccino F, Eysselein VE, Klein SR. Case of Boerhaave’s syndrome successfully treated with a self-expandable metallic stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:780–3.
  • Yuasa N, Hattori T, Kobayashi Y, Miyata K, Hayashi Y, Seko H. Treatment of spontaneous esophageal rupture with a covered self-expanding metal stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1999;49:777–80.
  • Siersema PD, Homs MY, Haringsma J, Tilanus HW, Kuipers EJ. Use of large-diameter metallic stents to seal traumatic nonmalignant perforations of the esophagus. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:356–61.
  • Adam A, Watkinson AF, Dussek J. Boerhaave syndrome: to treat or not to treat by means of insertion of a metallic stent. J Vasc Interv Radiol 1995;6:741–3; discussion 744–6.
  • Pajarinen J, Ristkari SK, Mokka RE. A report of three cases with an oesophageal perforation treated with a coated selfexpanding stent. Ann Chir Gynaecol 1999;88:332–4.
  • Dumonceau JM, Deviere J, Cappello M, Van Gossum A, Cremer M. Endoscopic treatment of Boerhaave’s syndrome. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;44:477–9.
  • Dumonceau JM, Deviere J. Treatment of Boerhaave’s syndrome using the ultraflex self-expandable stent. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;51:773–4.
  • Chung MG, Kang DH, Park DK, Park JJ, Park HC, Kim JH. Successful treatment of Boerhaave’s syndrome with endoscopic insertion of a self-expandable metallic stent: report of three cases and a review of the literature. Endoscopy 2001;33:894–7.
  • Davies AP, Vaughan R. Expanding mesh stent in the emergency treatment of Boerhaave’s syndrome. Ann Thorac Surg 1999;67:1482–3.
  • Cwikiel W, Willen R, Stridbeck H, Lillo-Gil R, von Holstein CS. Self-expanding stent in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures: experimental study in pigs and presentation of clinical cases. Radiology 1993;187:667–71.
  • Morgan RA, Ellul JP, Denton ER, Glynos M, Mason RC, Adam A. Malignant esophageal fistulas and perforations: management with plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses. Radiology 1997;204:527–32.
  • Watkinson A, Ellul J, Entwisle K, Farrugia M, Mason R, Adam A. Plastic-covered metallic endoprostheses in the management of oesophageal perforation in patients with oesophageal carcinoma. Clin Radiol 1995;50:304–9.
  • Gold DM, Rowe PH. Iatrogenic oesophageal perforations: a clinical review. Ann R Coll Surg Engl 1998;80:302.
  • Ohmura K, Nagashima R, Takeda H, Takahashi T. Temporary stenting with metallic endoprosthesis for refractory esophageal stricture secondary to cylindrical resection of carcinoma. Gastrointest Endosc 1998;48:214–7.
  • Fiorini A, Fleischer D, Valero J, Israeli E, Wengrower D, Goldin E. Self-expandable metal coil stents in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures refractory to conventional therapy: a case series. Gastrointest Endosc 2000;52:259–62.
  • Wadhwa RP, Kozarek RA, France RE, Brandabur JJ, Gluck M, Low DE, et al. Use of self-expandable metallic stents in benign GI diseases. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:207–12.
  • Fry SW, Fleischer DE. Management of a refractory benign esophageal stricture with a new biodegradable stent. Gastrointest Endosc 1997;45:179–82.
  • Ackroyd R, Watson DI, Devitt PG, Jamieson GG. Expandable metallic stents should not be used in the treatment of benign esophageal strictures. J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2001;16:484–7.
  • Petruzziello L, Tringali A, Riccioni ME, Mutignani M, Margaritora S, Cesario A, et al. Successful early treatment of Boerhaave’s syndrome by endoscopic placement of a temporary self-expandable plastic stent without fluoroscopy. Gastrointest Endosc 2003;58:608–12.
  • Sandha GS, Marcon NE. Expandable metal stents for benign esophageal obstruction. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am 1999;9:437–46.
  • Goldin E. A new biodegradable and self-expanding stent for benign oesophageal strictures [abstract]. Gastrointest Endosc 1996;43:294.
  • Haringsma J, Ferwerda J, Dekker W, Brom HL. Preliminary experience with a new ultraviolet-cured expandable plastic endoprosthesis in the management of malignant esophageal strictures. Endoscopy 1997;29:188–91.
  • Won JH, Lee JD, Wang HJ, Kim GE, Kim BW, Yim H, et al. Self-expandable covered metallic esophageal stent impregnated with beta emitting radionuclide: an experimental study in canine esophagus. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2002;53:1005–13.
  • Mintz GS, Tinana A, Hong MK, Lee CW, Kim JJ, Fearnot NE, et al. Impact of preinterventional arterial remodeling on neointimal hyperplasia after implantation of (nonpolymer-encapsulated) paclitaxel-coated stents: a serial volumetric intravascular ultrasound analysis from the ASian Paclitaxel-Eluting Stent Clinical Trial (ASPECT). Circulation 2003;108:1295–8.
  • Silber S. Paclitaxel-eluting stents: are they all equal? An analysis of six randomized controlled trials in de novo lesions of 3,319 patients. J Interv Cardiol 2003;16:485–90.
  • SoRelle R. Paclitaxel-eluting stents come out winners again. Circulation 2003;108:e9008–9.
  • Stone GW, Ellis SG, Cox DA, Hermiller J, O’Shaughnessy C, Mann JT, et al. A polymer-based, paclitaxel-eluting stent in patients with coronary artery disease. N Engl J Med 2004;350:221–31.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.