Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth

References

• Dibaise JK, Young RJ, Vanderhoof JA. Enteric microbial flora, bacterial overgrowth, and short-bowel syndrome. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2006; 4: 11–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stein JM, Schneider AR. Bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Gastroenterology 2007; 45: 620–8
   Google Scholar
• McEvoy A, Dutton J, James OF. Bacterial contamination of the small intestine is an important cause of occult malabsorption in the elderly. Br Med J (Clin Res Ed) 1983; 287: 78–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minelli EB, Benini A, Bassi C, et al. Antimicrobial activity of pancreatic juice and its interaction with antibiotics. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40: 2099
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strid H, Simren M, Stotzer PO, et al. Patients with chronic renal failure have abnormal small intestinal motility and a high prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Digestion 2003; 67: 129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morencos FC, de las Heras Castaño G, Martín Ramos L, López Arias MJ, Ledesma F, Pons Romero F. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with alcoholic cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 1252–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat P, Shantakumari S, Rajan D, Mathan VI, Kapadia CR, Swarnabai C, et al. Bacterial flora of the gastrointestinal tract in southern Indian control subjects and patients with tropical sprue. Gastroenterology 1972; 62: 11–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Justesen T, Nielsen OH, Jacobsen IE, Lave J, Rasmussen SN. The normal cultivable microflora in upper jejunal fluid in healthy adults. Scand J Gastroenterol 1984; 19: 279–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donaldson RM, Jr. Normal bacterial populations of the intestine and their relation to intestinal function. N Engl J Med 1964; 270: 938–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhnik Y, Alain S, Attar A, Flourié B, Raskine L, Sanson-Le Pors MJ, et al. Bacterial populations contaminating the upper gut in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1999; 94: 1327–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pimentel M, Chow EJ, Lin HC. Eradication of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth reduces symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 2000; 95: 3503–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inagaki T, Moschetta A, Lee YK, Peng L, Zhao G, Downes M, et al. Regulation of antibacterial defense in the small intestine by the nuclear bile acid receptor. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006; 103: 3920–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Williams C. Occurrence and significance of gastric colonization during acid-inhibitory therapy. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2001; 15: 511–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pereira SP, Gainsborough N, Dowling RH. Drug-induced hypochlorhydria causes high duodenal bacterial counts in the elderly. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1998; 12: 99–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parlesak A, Klein B, Schecher K, Bode JC, Bode C. Prevalence of small bowel bacterial overgrowth and its association with nutrition intake in nonhospitalized older adults. J Am Geriatr Soc 2003; 51: 768–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsui T, Shimaoka K, Goto Y, Kagami H, Kinomoto H, Ito A, et al. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth is not seen in healthy adults but is in disabled older adults. Hepatogastroenterology 2006; 53: 82–5
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Montgomery RD, Haboubi NY, Mike NH, Chesner IM, Asquith P. Causes of malabsorption in the elderly. Age Ageing 1986; 15: 235–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffmann JC, Zeitz M. Small bowel disease in the elderly: diarrhoea and malabsorption. Best Pract Res Clin Gastroenterol 2002; 16: 17–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husebye E, Skar V, Høverstad T, Melby K. Fasting hypochlorhydria with gram positive gastric flora is highly prevalent in healthy old people. Gut 1992; 33: 1331–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis SJ, Potts LF, Malhotra R, Mountford R. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in subjects living in residential care homes. Age Ageing 1999; 28: 181–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang CY, Chang CS, Chen GH. Small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis, diagnosed with glucose H2 or CH4 breath tests. Scand J Gastroenterol 1998; 33: 867–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Boyle CJ, MacFie J, Mitchell CJ, Johnstone D, Sagar PM, Sedman PC. Microbiology of bacterial translocation in humans. Gut 1998; 42: 29–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llovet JM, Rodriguez-Iglesias P, Moitinho E, Planas R, Bataller R, Navasa M, et al. Spontaneous bacterial peritonitis in patients with cirrhosis undergoing selective intestinal decontamination. A retrospective study of 229 spontaneous bacterial peritonitis episodes. J Hepatol 1997; 26: 88–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CS, Chen GH, Lien HC, Yeh HZ. Small intestine dysmotility and bacterial overgrowth in cirrhotic patients with spontaneous bacterial peritonitis. Hepatology 1998; 28: 1187–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sánchez E, Casafont F, Guerra A, de Benito I, Pons-Romero F. Role of intestinal bacterial overgrowth and intestinal motility in bacterial translocation in experimental cirrhosis. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 2005; 97: 805–14
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gunnarsdottir SA, Sadik R, Shev S, Simrén M, Sjövall H, Stotzer PO, et al. Small intestinal motility disturbances and bacterial overgrowth in patients with liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 1362–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Virally-Monod M, Tielmans D, Kevorkian JP, Bouhnik Y, Flourie B, Porokhov B, et al. Chronic diarrhoea and diabetes mellitus: prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Diabetes Metab 1998; 24: 530–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundles RW. Diabetic neuropathy: general review with report of 125 cases. Medicine 1945; 24: 111–60
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keshavarzian A, Iber FL. Intestinal transit in insulin-requiring diabetics. Am J Gastroenterol 1986; 81: 257–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmeron M, Debure A, Rambaud JC. [Chronic bacterial colonization of the small intestine and malabsorption]. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1982; 6: 788–99
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blanshard C, Francis N, Gazzard BG. Investigation of chronic diarrhoea in acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. A prospective study of 155 patients. Gut. 1996; 39: 824–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welage LS, Carver PL, Revankar S, Pierson C, Kauffman CA. Alterations in gastric acidity in patients infected with human immunodeficiency virus. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21: 1431–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaye SA, Lim SG, Taylor M, Patel S, Gillespie S, Black CM. Small bowel bacterial overgrowth in systemic sclerosis: detection using direct and indirect methods and treatment outcome. Br J Rheumatol 1995; 34: 265–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mehta SK. Clinical features and aetiopathogenesis of tropical sprue. J Assoc Phys India 1971; 19: 417–24
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tursi A, Brandimarte G, Giorgetti G. High prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in celiac patients with persistence of gastrointestinal symptoms after gluten withdrawal. Am J Gastroenterol 2003; 98: 839–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trespi E, Ferrieri A. Intestinal bacterial overgrowth during chronic pancreatitis. Curr Med Res Opin 1999; 15: 47–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Felius ID, Akkermans LM, Bosscha K, Verheem A, Harmsen W, Visser MR, et al. Interdigestive small bowel motility and duodenal bacterial overgrowth in experimental acute pancreatitis. Neurogastroenterol Motil 2003; 15: 267–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henriksson AE, Blomquist L, Nord CE, Midtvedt T, Uribe A. Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Ann Rheum Dis 1993; 52: 503–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Husebye E, Skar V, Høverstad T, Iversen T, Melby K. Abnormal intestinal motor patterns explain enteric colonization with gram-negative bacilli in late radiation enteropathy. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1078–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Madrid AM, Defilippi CC, Defilippi GC, Slimming AJ, Quera PR. [Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with functional gastrointestinal diseases]. Rev Med Chil 2007; 135: 1245–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faber K. Pernicose anamiebei dunndarm. Berl Klin Wochenschr 1897; 34: 643
   Google Scholar
• King CE, Toskes PP. Small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Gastroenterology 1979; 76: 1035–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannella RA, Broitman SA, Zamcheck N. Competition between bacteria and intrinsic factor for vitamin B 12: implications for vitamin B 12 malabsorption in intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Gastroenterology 1972; 62: 255–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brandt LJ, Bernstein LH, Wagle A. Production of vitamin B 12 analogues in patients with small-bowel bacterial overgrowth. Ann Intern Med 1977; 87: 546–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabaqchali S, Pallis C. Reversible nicotinamide-deficiency encephalopathy in a patient with jejunal diverticulosis. Gut 1970; 11: 1024–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brin MF, Fetell MR, Green PH, Kayden HJ, Hays AP, Behrens MM, et al. Blind loop syndrome, vitamin E malabsorption, and spinocerebellar degeneration. Neurology 1985; 35: 338–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sherman P, Wesley A, Forstner G. Sequential disaccharidase loss in rat intestinal blind loops: impact of malnutrition. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: G626–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones EA, Craigie A, Tavill AS, Franglen G, Rosenoer VM. Protein metabolism in the intestinal stagnant loop syndrome. Gut 1968; 9: 466–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rutgeerts L, Mainguet P, Tytgat G, Eggermont E. Enterokinase in contaminated small-bowel syndrome. Digestion 1974; 10: 249–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King CE, Toskes PP. Protein-losing enteropathy in the human and experimental rat blind-loop syndrome. Gastroenterology 1981; 80: 504–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan SM, McIver CJ, Wakefield D, Duncombe VM, Thomas MC, Bolin TD. Small intestinal mucosal immunity and morphometry in luminal overgrowth of indigenous gut flora. Am J Gastroenterol 2001; 96: 494–500
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toskes PP, Giannella RA, Jervis HR, Rout WR, Takeuchi A. Small intestinal mucosal injury in the experimental blind loop syndrome. Light- and electron-microscopic and histochemical studies. Gastroenterology 1975; 68: 1193–203
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stotzer PO, Johansson C, Mellström D, Lindstedt G, Kilander AF. Bone mineral density in patients with small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Hepatogastroenterology 2003; 50: 1415–18
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tsokes PP, Kumar A. Enteric bacterial flora and bacterial overgrowth syndrome. Sleisenger and Fordtrans Gastro intestinal and liver disease6th edn, M Feldman, BF Schar Schmidt, MF Sleisenger. W. B. Saunders, Philadelphia 1998; 1523
   Google Scholar
• Farrell GC. Is bacterial ash the flash that ignites NASH?. Gut 2001; 48: 148–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fine KD, Ogunji F. A new method of quantitative fecal fat microscopy and its correlation with chemically measured fecal fat output. Am J Clin Pathol 2000; 113: 528–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza GR, Menozzi MG, Strocchi A, Rasciti L, Vaira D, Lecchini R, et al. The diagnosis of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Reliability of jejunal culture and inadequacy of breath hydrogen testing. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 302–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton I, Worsley BW, Cobden I, Cooke EM, Shoesmith JG, Axon AT. Simultaneous culture of saliva and jejunal aspirate in the investigation of small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Gut 1982; 23: 847–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardhan PK, Gyr K, Beglinger C, Vögtlin J, Frey R, Vischer W. Diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth after culturing proximal small-bowel aspirate obtained during routine upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992; 27: 253–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• León-Barúa R, Gilman RH, Rodríguez C, Bonilla JJ, Yi A, Maúrtua D, et al. Comparison of three methods to obtain upper small bowel contents for culture. Am J Gastroenterol 1993; 88: 925–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan SM, McIver CJ, Duncombe VM, Bolin TD. Bacteriologic analysis of mucosal biopsy specimens for detecting small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 681–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bala L, Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Tripathi P, Misra A, Gowda GA, Khetrapal CL. Malabsorption syndrome with and without small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: a study on upper-gut aspirate using 1H NMR spectroscopy. Magn Reson Med 2006; 56: 738–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson J, Walker K, Thomson AB. Limitations in the use of 14C-glycocholate breath and stool bile acid determinations in patients with chronic diarrhea. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8: 258–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerlin P, Wong L. Breath hydrogen testing in bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. Gastroenterology 1988; 95: 982–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riordan SM, McEver CJ, Walker BM, et al. The lactulose hydrogen breath test as a diagnostic test for small bowel bacterial overgrowth. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 191: 1795
   Google Scholar
• Bond JH, Levitt MD. Use of pulmonary hydrogen [H2] measurements to quantitate carbohydrate absorption. Study of partially gastrectomized patients. J Clin Invest 1992; 51: 1219
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corazza GR, Strocchi A, Gasbarrini G. Fasting breath hydrogen in celiac disease. Gastroenterology 1987; 93: 53–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bauer TM, Schwacha H, Steinbrückner B, Brinkmann FE, Ditzen AK, Kist M, et al. Diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in patients with cirrhosis of the liver: poor performance of the glucose breath hydrogen test. J Hepatolol 2000; 33: 382–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• dos Reis JC, de Morais MB, Fagundes Neto U. [Breath hydrogen test to evaluate lactose absorption and small bowel bacterial overgrowth in children]. Arq Gastroenterol 1999; 36: 169–76
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• King CE, Toskes PP, Guilarte TR, Lorenz E, Welkos SL. Comparison of the one-gram d-[14C]xylose breath test to the [14C]bile acid breath test in patients with small-intestine bacterial overgrowth. Dig Dis Sci 1980; 25: 53–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rumessen JJ, Gudmand-Høyer E, Bachmann E, Justesen T. Diagnosis of bacterial overgrowth of the small intestine. Comparison of the 14C-D-xylose breath test and jejunal cultures in 60 patients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985; 20: 1267–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• King CE, Toskes PP. Comparison of the 1-gram [14C]xylose, 10-gram lactulose-H2, and 80-gram glucose-H2 breath tests in patients with small intestine bacterial overgrowth. Gastroenterology 1986; 91: 1447–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valdovinos MA, Camilleri M, Thomforde GM, Frie C. Reduced accuracy of 14C-D-xylose breath test for detecting bacterial overgrowth in gastrointestinal motility disorders. Scand J Gastroenterol 1993; 28: 963–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang CS, Chen GH, Kao CH, Wang SJ, Peng SN, Huang CK, et al. Increased accuracy of the carbon-14 D-xylose breath test in detecting small-intestinal bacterial overgrowth by correction with the gastric emptying rate. Eur J Nucl Med 1995; 22: 1118–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lewis SJ, Young G, Mann M, Franco S, O'Keefe SJ. Improvement in specificity of [14C]d-xylose breath test for bacterial overgrowth. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 1587–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stotzer PO, Kilander AF. Comparison of the 1-gram (14)C-D-xylose breath test and the 50-gram hydrogen glucose breath test for diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Digestion 2000; 61: 165–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoshal UC, Ghoshal U, Das K, Misra A. Utility of hydrogen breath tests in diagnosis of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in malabsorption syndrome and its relationship with oro-cecal transit time. Indian J Gastroenterol 2006; 25: 6–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simrén M, Stotzer PO. Use and abuse of hydrogen breath tests. Gut 2006; 55: 297–303
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bardhan PK, Feger A, Kogon M, Muller J, Gillessen D, Beglinger C, et al. Urinary choloyl-PABA excretion in diagnosing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth: evaluation of a new noninvasive method. Dig Dis Sci 2000; 45: 474–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Setchell KD, Harrison DL, Gilbert JM, Mupthy GM. Serum unconjugated bile acids: qualitative and quantitative profiles in ileal resection and bacterial overgrowth. Clin Chim Acta 1985; 152: 297–306
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishkin D, Boston FM, Blank D, Yalovsky M, Mishkin S. The glucose breath test: a diagnostic test for small bowel stricture(s) in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 2002; 47: 489–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Urita Y, Ishihara S, Akimoto T, Kato H, Hara N, Honda Y, et al. Seventy-five gram glucose tolerance test to assess carbohydrate malabsorption and small bowel bacterial overgrowth. World J Gastroenterol 2006; 21: 3092–5
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhodes JM, Middleton P, Jewell DP. The lactulose hydrogen breath test as a diagnostic test for small-bowel bacterial overgrowth. Scand J Gastroenterol 1979; 14: 333–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Attar A, Flourié B, Rambaud JC, Franchisseur C, Ruszniewski P, Bouhnik Y. Antibiotic efficacy in small intestinal bacterial overgrowth-related chronic diarrhea: a crossover, randomized trial. Gastroenterology 1999; 117: 794–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Stefano M, Malservisi S, Veneto G, Ferrieri A, Corazza GR. Rifaximin versus chlortetracycline in the short-term treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2000; 14: 551–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castiglione F, Rispo A, Di Girolamo E, Cozzolino A, Manguso F, Grassia R, et al. Antibiotic treatment of small bowel bacterial overgrowth in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2003; 18: 1107–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stotzer PO, Blomberg L, Conway PL, Henriksson A, Abrahamsson H. Probiotic treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth by Lactobacillus fermentum KLD. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 615–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderhoof JA, Young RJ, Murray N, Kaufman SS. Treatment strategies for small bowel bacterial overgrowth in short bowel syndrome. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 1998; 27: 155–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schimpl G, Pabst MA, Feierl G, Kuesz A, Ozbey H, Takahashi S, et al. A tungsten supplemented diet attenuates bacterial translocation in chronic portal hypertensive and cholestatic rats: role of xanthine dehydrogenase and xanthine oxidase. Gut 1999; 45: 904–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Logan AC, Beaulne TM. The treatment of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth with enteric-coated peppermint oil: a case report. Altern Med Rev 2002; 7: 410–17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar