Metabolic Effects of Non-absorbable Carbohydrates

REFERENCES

• Burkitt DP, Trowell HC, editors. Refined carbohydrate and disease. New York, NY: Academic Press 1975.
   Google Scholar
• Wolever TM, Cohen Z, Thompson LU, Thome MJ, Jenkins MJ, Prokipchuk EJ, Jenkins DJA. Ileal loss of available carbohydrate in man: comparison of a breath hydrogen method with direct measurement using a human ileostomy model. Am J Gastroenterol 1986;81: 115–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins DJA, Cuff D, Wolever TM, Knowland D, Thompson L, Cohen Z, Prokipchuk E. Digestibility of carbohydrate foods in an ileostomate: relationship to dietary fiber, in vitro digestibility, and glycemic response. Am J Gastroenterol 1987;82: 709–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steinhart AH, Jenkins DJA, Mitchell S, Cuff D, Prokipchuk EJ. Effect of dietary fiber on total carbohydrate losses in ileostomy effluent. Am J Gastroenterol 1992;87: 48–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stephen AM, Haddad AC, Phillips SF. Passage of carbohydrate into the colon: direct measurements in humans. Gastroenterology 1983;85: 589–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nordgaard I, Mortensen PB, Langkilde AM. Small intestinal malabsorption and colonic fermentation of resistant starch and resistant peptides to short-chain fatty acids. Nutrition 1995;11: 129–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muir JG, Lu ZX, Young GP, Cameron-Smith D, Collier GR, O'Dea K. Resistant starch in the diet increases breath hydrogen and serum acetate in human subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61: 792–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cummings JH, Englyst HN. Measurement of starch fermentation in the human large intestine. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1991;69: 121–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rao AV, Shiwnarain N, Koo M, Jenkins DJA. Effect of fiber- rich foods on the composition of intestinal microflora. Nutr Res 1994;14: 523–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fernandes J, Morali G, Wolever TM, Blendis LM, Koo M, Jenkins DJA, Rao AV. Effect of acute lactulose administration on serum acetate levels in cirrhosis. Clin Invest Med 1994;17: 218–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartram HP, Scheppach W, Gerlach S, Ruckdeschel G, Kelber E. Does yogurt enriched with Bifidobacterium longum affect colonic microbiology and fecal metabolites in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1994;59: 428–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hennigan TW, Sian M, Matthews J, Allen-Mersh TG. Protective role of lactulose in intestinal carcinogenesis. Surg Oncol 1995;4: 31–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vanderhoof JA, Blackwood DJ, Mohammadpour H, Park JH. Effects of oral supplementation of glutamine on small intestinal mucosal mass following resection. J Am Coll Nutr 1992;11: 223–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchman AL, Mestecky J, Moukarzel A, Ament ME. Intestinal immune function is unaffected by parenteral nutrition in man. J Am Coll Nutr 1995;14: 656–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Riordain MG, Fearon KC, Ross JA, Rogers P, Falconer JS, Bartolo DC, et al. Glutamine-supplemented total parenteral nutrition enhances T-lymphocyte response in surgical patients undergoing colorectal resection. Ann Surg 1994;220: 212–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burke DJ, Alverdy JC, Aoys E, Moss GS. Glutamine- supplemented total parenteral nutrition improves gut immune function. Arch Surg 1989;124: 1396–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrne TA, Persinger RL, Young LS, Ziegler TR, Wilmore DW. A new treatment for patients with short-bowel syndrome. Growth hormone, glutamine, and a modified diet. Ann Surg 1995;222: 243–54.
   Google Scholar
• Roediger WEW. Utilization of nutrients by isolated epithelial cells of the rat colon. Gastroenterology 1982;83: 424–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bircher J, Muller J, Guggenheim P, Haemmerli UP. Treatment of chronic portal-systemic encephalopathy with lactulose. Lancet 1966;1: 890–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thacker PA, Salomons MO, Aherne FX, Milligan LP, Bowland JP. Influence of propionic acid on the cholesterol metabolism of pigs fed hypercholesterolemic diets. Can J Anim Sei 1981;61: 969–75.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen WJ, Anderson JW, Jennings D. Propionate may mediate the hypocholesterolemic effects of certain soluble plant fibers in cholesterol-fed rats. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1984;175: 215–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bridges SR, Anderson JW, Deakins DA, Dillon DW, Wood CL. Oat bran increases serum acetate of hypercholesterolemic men. Am J Clin Nutr 1992;56: 455–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright RS, Anderson JW, Bridges SR. Propionate inhibits hepatocyte lipid synthesis. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 1990;195: 26–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Illman RJ, Topping DL, McIntosh GH, Trimble RP, Storer GB, Taylor MN, Cheng BQ. Hypocholesterolaemic effects of dietary propionate: studies in whole animals and perfused rat liver. Ann Nutr Metab 1988;32: 95–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venter CS, Vorster HH, Cummings JH. Effects of dietary propionate on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in healthy volunteers. Am J Gastroenterol 1990;85: 549–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Todesco T, Rao AV, Bosello O, Jenkins DJA. Propionate lowers blood glucose and alters lipid metabolism in healthy subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54: 860–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wolever TM, Spadafora PJ, Cunnane SC, Pencharz PB. Propionate inhibits incorporation of colonic [1,2-13C]acetate into plasma lipids in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61: 1241–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins DJA, Wolever TM, Jenkins A, Brighenti F, Vuksan V, Rao AV, et al. Specific types of colonic fermentation may raise low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations. Am J Clin Nutr 1991;54: 141–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sibley CG, Ahlquist JE. The phylogeny of the hominoid primates as indicated by DNA-DNA hybridization. J Mol Evol 1984;20: 2–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tutin CEG, Fernadez M. Composition of the diet of chimpanzees and comparisons with that of sympatric lowland gorillas in the Lope Reserve, Gabon. Am J Primatol 1993;30: 195–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens CE, Hume ID. The mammalian gastrointestinal tract. In: Stevens CE, Hume ID, editors. Comparative physiology of the vertebrate digestive system. 2nd ed. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press 1995: 46–93.
   Google Scholar
• Watts DP. Composition and variability of mountain gorilla diets in the Central Virungas. Am J Primatol 1984;7: 323–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stanford CB, Wallis J, Matama H, Goodall J. Patterns of predation by chimpanzees on red colobus monkeys in Gombe National Park, 1982–1991. Am J Phys Anthro 1995;94: 213–8.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovich DG, Jenkins DJA, Huang J, Tariq N, Kendall CWC, Dierenfeld ES, et al. Macronutrient profile of a wild western lowland gorilla diet: possible implications for lipid-lowering. [Meeting abstract] FASEB J 1995;9: 177.
   Google Scholar
• McNeil NI. The contribution of the large intestine to energy supplies in man. Am J Clin Nutr 1984;39: 338–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenkins DJA, Popovich DG, Wolever TMS, Vuksan V, Tariq N, Kendall WC, et al. Serum-lipid response to a diet very high in fiber from vegetables and fruit. [Meeting abstract] FASEB J 1995;9: 978.
   Google Scholar
• Keys A, Anderson JT, Grande F. Serum cholesterol responses to changes in the diet. Metabolism 1965;14: 747–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ. Quantitative effects of dietary fat on serum cholesterol in men. Am J Clin Nutr 1965;17: 281–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovich DG, Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Vuksan V, Tariq N, Kendall CWC, et al. Serum urea response to a diet very high in fiber from vegetables and fruit. [Meeting abstract] Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61: 903.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rampton DS, Cohen SL, Crammond VD, Gibbons J, Lilburn MF, Rabet JY, et al. Treatment of chronic renal failure with dietary fiber. Clin Nephrol 1984;21: 159–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bliss DZ, Stein TP, Schleifer CR, Settle RG. Supplementation with gum arabic fiber increases fecal nitrogen excretion and lowers serum urea nitrogen concentration in chronic renal failure patients consuming a low-protein diet. Am J Clin Nutr 1996;63: 392–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Popovich DG, Jenkins DJA, Wolever TMS, Tariq N, Kendall CWC, Patten R. Serum uric acid response to a diet very high in fiber from vegetables and fruit. [Meeting Abstract]. Canadian Federation of Biological Societies (CFBS) 1995: 322M.
   Google Scholar