Concurrent immunomodulator therapy is associated with higher adalimumab trough levels during scheduled maintenance therapy

References

• Kestens C, van Oijen MGH, Mulder CLJ, et al. Adalimumab and infliximab are equally effective for Crohn’s disease in patients not previously treated with anti-tumor necrosis factor-alpha agents. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2013;11:826–831.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osterman MT, Haynes K, Delzell E, et al. Comparative effectiveness of infliximab and adalimumab for Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:811–817.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Panaccione R, Ghosh S, Middleton S, et al. Combination therapy with infliximab and azathioprine is superior to monotherapy with either agent in ulcerative colitis. Gastroenterology. 2014;146:392–400.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Sandborn WJ, Reinisch W, et al. Infliximab, azathioprine, or combination therapy for Crohn’s disease. N Engl J Med. 2010;362:1383–1395.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drobne D, Bossuyt P, Breynaert C, et al. Withdrawal of immunomodulators after co-treatment does not reduce trough level of infliximab in patients with Crohn's disease. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:514–521.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yarur AJ, Kubiliun MJ, Czul F, et al. Concentrations of 6-thioguanine nucleotide correlate with trough levels of infliximab in patients with inflammatory bowel disease on combination therapy. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;13:1118–1124.e3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert F, Noman M, Vermeire S, et al. Influence of immunogenicity on the long-term efficacy of infliximab in Crohn's disease. N Engl J Med. 2003;348:601–608.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vermeire S, Noman M, Van Assche G, et al. Effectiveness of concomitant immunosuppressive therapy in suppressing the formation of antibodies to infliximab in Crohn's disease. Gut. 2007;56:1226–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Assche G, Magdelaine-Beuzelin C, D’Haens G, et al. Withdrawal of Immunosuppression in Crohn's disease treated with scheduled infliximab maintenance: a randomized trial. Gastroenterology. 2008;134:1861–1868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kopylov U, Al-Taweel T, Yaghoobi M, et al. Adalimumab monotherapy versus combination therapy with immunomodulators in patients with Crohn's disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1632–1641.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Schaik T, Maljaars JPW, Roopram RK, et al. Influence of combination therapy with immune modulators on anti-TNF trough levels and antibodies in patients with IBD. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:2292–2298.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu Y-L, Rubin DT, Vermeire S, et al. Serum adalimumab concentration and clinical remission in patients with Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:1112–1122.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karmiris K, Paintaud G, Noman M, et al. Influence of trough serum levels and immunogenicity on long-term outcome of adalimumab therapy in Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1628–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bond A, Asher R, Jackson R, et al. Comparative analysis of the influence of clinical factors including BMI on adalimumab and infliximab trough levels. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;28:271–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ordás I, Mould DR, Feagan BG, et al. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies in inflammatory bowel disease: pharmacokinetics-based dosing paradigms. Clin Pharmacol Ther. 2012;91:635–646.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazor Y, Almog R, Kopylov U, et al. Adalimumab drug and antibody levels as predictors of clinical and laboratory response in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2014;40:620–628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roblin X, Marotte H, Rinaudo M, et al. Association between pharmacokinetics of adalimumab and mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2014;12:80–84.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zittan E, Kabakchiev B, Milgrom R, et al. Higher adalimumab drug levels are associated with mucosal healing in patients with Crohn’s disease. J Crohn’s Colitis. 2016;10:510–515.
   Google Scholar
• Ungar B, Levy I, Yavne Y, et al. Optimising anti-TNF-α therapy: serum levels of infliximab and adalimumab are associated with mucosal healing in patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2016;14:550–557.e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reenaers C, Louis E, Belaiche J, et al. Does co-treatment with immunosuppressors improve outcome in patients with Crohn's disease treated with adalimumab? Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2012;36:1040–1048.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaugerie L, Brousse N, Bouvier AM, et al. Lymphoproliferative disorders in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Lancet .2009;374:1617–1625.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Khosrotehrani K, Carrat F, et al. Increased risk for nonmelanoma skin cancers in patients who receive thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2011;141:1621–1628.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourrier A, Carrat F, Colombel J-F, et al. Excess risk of urinary tract cancers in patients receiving thiopurines for inflammatory bowel disease: a prospective observational cohort study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:252–261.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boon GJAM, Day AS, Mulder CJ, et al. Are faecal markers good indicators of mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease? World J Gastroenterol. 2015;21:11469–11480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhaliwal A, Zeino Z, Tomkins C, et al. Utility of faecal calprotectin in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD): what cut-offs should we apply? Frontline Gastroenterol. 2015;6:14–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roblin X, Serre-Debeauvais F, Phelip JM, et al. Drug interaction between infliximab and azathioprine in patients with Crohn's disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2003;18:917–925.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar