References
- Lanas A. Editorial: upper GI bleeding-associated mortality: challenges to improving a resistant outcome. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:90–92.
- Hearnshaw SA, Logan RF, Lowe D, et al. Acute upper gastrointestinal bleeding in the UK: patient characteristics, diagnoses and outcomes in the 2007 UK audit. Gut. 2011;60:1327–1335.
- Cook DJ, Guyatt GH, Salena BJ, et al. Endoscopic therapy for acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 1992;102:139–148.
- de Groot NL, van Oijen MG, Kessels K, et al. Reassessment of the predictive value of the Forrest classification for peptic ulcer rebleeding and mortality: can classification be simplified? Endoscopy. 2013;46:46–52.
- Lau JY, Sung JJ, Chan AC, et al. Stigmata of hemorrhage in bleeding peptic ulcers: an interobserver agreement study among international experts. Gastrointest Endosc. 1997;46:33–36.
- Mondardini A, Barletti C, Rocca G, et al. Non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding and Forrest's classification: diagnostic agreement between endoscopists from the same area. Endoscopy. 1998;30:508–512.
- Forrest JA, Finlayson ND, Shearman DJ. Endoscopy in gastrointestinal bleeding. Lancet. 1974;2:394–397.
- Katschinski B, Logan R, Davies J, et al. Prognostic factors in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Dig Dis Sci. 1994;39:706–712.
- Rockall TA, Logan RF, Devlin HB, et al. Risk assessment after acute upper gastrointestinal haemorrhage. Gut. 1996;38:316–321.
- Saeed ZA, Winchester CB, Michaletz PA, et al. A scoring system to predict rebleeding after endoscopic therapy of nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage, with a comparison of heat probe and ethanol injection. Am J Gastroenterol. 1993;88:1842–1849.
- Vreeburg EM, Terwee CB, Snel P, et al. Validation of the Rockall risk scoring system in upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Gut. 1999;44:331–335.
- Beckly DE, Casebow MP, Pettengell KE. The use of a Doppler ultrasound probe for localising arterial blood flow during upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. Endoscopy. 1982;14:146–147.
- Gostout CJ. Do we need more technology to reduce recurrence of bleeding from ulcers? Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52:438–440.
- Jaspersen D. Endoscopic Doppler ultrasound in gastroduodenal ulcer hemorrhage. Fortschr Med. 1992;110:336–339.
- Kohler B. What is the value of endoscopic Doppler ultrasound in differential diagnosis of not actively bleeding lesions? Bildgebung. 1995;62:12–15.
- Kohler B, Maier M, Benz C, et al. Acute ulcer bleeding. A prospective randomized trial to compare Doppler and Forrest classifications in endoscopic diagnosis and therapy. Dig Dis Sci. 1997;42:1370–1374.
- Wong RC. Nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage: probing beneath the surface. Gastroenterology. 2009;137:1897–1902.
- Wong RC, Chak A, Kobayashi K, et al. Role of Doppler US in acute peptic ulcer hemorrhage: can it predict failure of endoscopic therapy? Gastrointest Endosc. 2000;52:315–321.
- Jensen DM, Ohning GV, Kovacs TO, et al. Doppler endoscopic probe as a guide to risk stratification and definitive hemostasis of peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2016;83:129–136.
- Kohler B, Riemann JF. Endoscopic injection therapy of Forrest II and III gastroduodenal ulcers guided by endoscopic Doppler ultrasound. Endoscopy. 1993;25:219–223.
- van Leerdam ME, Rauws EA, Geraedts AA, et al. The role of endoscopic Doppler US in patients with peptic ulcer bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2003;58:677–684.
- Grund KE, Lange V. Value of flexible endoscopy in surgery. I Chirurg. 2000;71:1179–1190.
- Kantowski M. Einsatzmöglichkeiten der Dopplersonographie in der flexiblen Endoskopie. Germany: Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen; 1998.
- Kimmel M. Optimierung der endoskopischen Dopplersonographie. Germany: Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen; 1999.
- Kayalar A. Weiterentwicklung und Evaluation eines neuen Systems zur transendoskopischen Dopplersonographie. Germany: Eberhard-Karls-University of Tuebingen; 2001.
- Chen VK, Wong RC. Endoscopic Doppler ultrasound versus endoscopic stigmata-directed management of acute peptic ulcer hemorrhage: a multimodel cost analysis. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52:149–160.
- Kohler B, Riemann JF. The endoscopic Doppler: its value in evaluating gastroduodenal ulcers after hemorrhage and as an instrument of control of endoscopic injection therapy. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1991;26:471–476.
- Wong RC, Farooq FT, Chak A. Endoscopic Doppler US probe for the diagnosis of gastric varices (with videos). Gastrointest Endosc. 2007;65:491–496.
- Cai JX, Saltzman JR. Initial assessment, risk stratification, and early management of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastrointest Endosc Clin N Am. 2018;28:261–275.
- Griffiths EA, McDonald CR, Bryant RV, et al. Retrospective analysis of surgery and trans-arterial embolization for major non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. ANZ J Surg. 2016;86:381–385.
- Jensen DM, Kovacs TOG, Ohning GV, et al. Doppler endoscopic probe monitoring of blood flow improves risk stratification and outcomes of patients with severe nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal hemorrhage. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:1310–1318 e1.
- Cho SH, Lee YS, Kim YJ, et al. Outcomes and role of urgent endoscopy in high-risk patients with acute nonvariceal gastrointestinal bleeding. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;16:370–377.
- Ahn DW, Park YS, Lee SH, et al. Clinical outcome of acute nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding after hours: the role of urgent endoscopy. Korean J Intern Med. 2016;31:470–478.
- Kumar NL, Cohen AJ, Nayor J, et al. Timing of upper endoscopy influences outcomes in patients with acute nonvariceal upper GI bleeding. Gastrointest Endosc. 2017;85:945–952.e1.
- Lim LG, Ho KY, Chan YH, et al. Urgent endoscopy is associated with lower mortality in high-risk but not low-risk nonvariceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Endoscopy. 2011;43:300–306.
- Kyaw M, Tse Y, Ang D, et al. Embolization versus surgery for peptic ulcer bleeding after failed endoscopic hemostasis: a meta-analysis. Endosc Int Open. 2014;2:E6–e14.
- Lee HH, Park JM, Chun HJ, et al. Transcatheter arterial embolization for endoscopically unmanageable non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2015;50:809–815.
- Wong TC, Wong KT, Chiu PW, et al. A comparison of angiographic embolization with surgery after failed endoscopic hemostasis to bleeding peptic ulcers. Gastrointest Endosc. 2011;73:900–908.
- Camus M, Jensen DM, Kovacs TO, et al. Independent risk factors of 30-day outcomes in 1264 patients with peptic ulcer bleeding in the USA: large ulcers do worse. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43:1080–1089.
- Hu ML, Wu KL, Chiu KW, et al. Predictors of rebleeding after initial hemostasis with epinephrine injection in high-risk ulcers. WJG. 2010;16:5490–21086569.