Low fecal calprotectin predicts clinical remission in Crohn's disease patients: the simple answer to a challenging question

References

• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Loftus EV, Jr., Colombel JF, et al. The natural history of adult Crohn's disease in population-based cohorts. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:289–297.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Reinisch W, Colombel JF, et al. Clinical disease activity, C-reactive protein normalisation and mucosal healing in Crohn's disease in the SONIC trial. Gut. 2014;63:88–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Narula N, Peyrin-Biroulet L. Management strategies to improve outcomes of patients with inflammatory bowel diseases. Gastroenterology. 2017;152:351–361.e5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Reinisch W, Mantzaris GJ, et al. Randomised clinical trial: deep remission in biologic and immunomodulator naive patients with Crohn's disease - a SONIC post hoc analysis. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2015;41:734–746.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert F, Moortgat L, Van Assche G, et al. Mucosal healing predicts sustained clinical remission in patients with early-stage Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 2010;138:463–468. Quiz e10-1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Cruz P, Kamm MA, Prideaux L, et al. Mucosal healing in Crohn's disease: a systematic review. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2013;19:429–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Froslie KF, Jahnsen J, Moum BA, et al. Mucosal healing in inflammatory bowel disease: results from a Norwegian population-based cohort. Gastroenterology. 2007;133:412–422.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosli MH, Zou G, Garg SK, et al. C-reactive protein, fecal calprotectin, and stool lactoferrin for detection of endoscopic activity in symptomatic inflammatory bowel disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:802–819.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fagerhol MK, Dale I, Andersson T. A radioimmunoassay for a granulocyte protein as a marker in studies on the turnover of such cells. Bull Eur de physiopathologie respiratoire. 1980;16 Suppl:273–282.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schoepfer AM, Beglinger C, Straumann A, et al. Fecal calprotectin correlates more closely with the Simple Endoscopic Score for Crohn's disease (SES-CD) than CRP, blood leukocytes, and the CDAI. Am J Gastroenterol. 2010;105:162–169.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipponen T, Savilahti E, Kolho KL, et al. Crohn's disease activity assessed by fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin: correlation with Crohn's disease activity index and endoscopic findings. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2008;14:40–46.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peyrin-Biroulet L, Sandborn W, Sands BE, et al. Selecting Therapeutic Targets in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (STRIDE): determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:1324–1338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao R, Xiao YL, Gao X, et al. Fecal calprotectin in predicting relapse of inflammatory bowel diseases: a meta-analysis of prospective studies. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1894–1899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Best WR, Becktel JM, Singleton JW, et al. Development of a Crohn's disease activity index. National Cooperative Crohn's Disease Study. Gastroenterology. 1976;70:439–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Satsangi J, Silverberg MS, Vermeire S, et al. The Montreal classification of inflammatory bowel disease: controversies, consensus, and implications. Gut. 2006;55:749–753.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menees SB, Powell C, Kurlander J, et al. A meta-analysis of the utility of C-reactive protein, erythrocyte sedimentation rate, fecal calprotectin, and fecal lactoferrin to exclude inflammatory bowel disease in adults with IBS. Am J Gastroenterol. 2015;110:444–454.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molander P, af Bjorkesten CG, Mustonen H, et al. Fecal calprotectin concentration predicts outcome in inflammatory bowel disease after induction therapy with TNFalpha blocking agents. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:2011–2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Panaccione R, Bossuyt P, et al. Effect of tight control management on Crohn's disease (CALM): a multicentre, randomised, controlled phase 3 trial. Lancet (London, England). 2017;390:2779–2789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wright EK, Kamm MA, De Cruz P, et al. Measurement of fecal calprotectin improves monitoring and detection of recurrence of Crohn's disease after surgery. Gastroenterology. 2015;148:938–947.e1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Sanchez V, Iglesias-Flores E, Gonzalez R, et al. Does fecal calprotectin predict relapse in patients with Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis? J Crohn's Colitis. 2010;4:144–152.
   Google Scholar
• Zhulina Y, Cao Y, Amcoff K, et al. The prognostic significance of faecal calprotectin in patients with inactive inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;44:495–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naismith GD, Smith LA, Barry SJ, et al. A prospective evaluation of the predictive value of faecal calprotectin in quiescent Crohn's disease. J Crohns Colitis. 2014;8:1022–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mooiweer E, Severs M, Schipper ME, et al. Low fecal calprotectin predicts sustained clinical remission in inflammatory bowel disease patients: a plea for deep remission. J Crohn's Colitis. 2015;9:50–55.
   Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Bermejo F, Perez-Calle JL, et al. Fecal calprotectin and lactoferrin for the prediction of inflammatory bowel disease relapse. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2009;15:1190–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kallel L, Ayadi I, Matri S, et al. Fecal calprotectin is a predictive marker of relapse in Crohn's disease involving the colon: a prospective study. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2010;22:340–345.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costa F, Mumolo MG, Ceccarelli L, et al. Calprotectin is a stronger predictive marker of relapse in ulcerative colitis than in Crohn's disease. Gut. 2005;54:364–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tibble JA, Sigthorsson G, Bridger S, et al. Surrogate markers of intestinal inflammation are predictive of relapse in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Gastroenterology. 2000;119:15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Inca R, Dal Pont E, Di Leo V, et al. Can calprotectin predict relapse risk in inflammatory bowel disease? Am J Gastroenterol. 2008;103:2007–2014.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferreiro-Iglesias R, Barreiro-de Acosta M, Lorenzo-Gonzalez A, et al. Accuracy of consecutive fecal calprotectin measurements to predict relapse in inflammatory bowel disease patients under maintenance with anti-TNF therapy: a prospective longitudinal cohort study. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2018;52:229–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JF, Chen JM, Zuo JH, et al. Meta-analysis: fecal calprotectin for assessment of Inflammatory Bowel Disease Activity. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2014;20:1407–1415.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro S, Barbosa M, Curdia Goncalves T, et al. Fecal calprotectin as a selection tool for small bowel capsule endoscopy in suspected Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2018;24(9):2033–2038.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brignola C, Campieri M, Bazzocchi G, et al. A laboratory index for predicting relapse in asymptomatic patients with Crohn's disease. Gastroenterology. 1986;91:1490–1494.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Consigny Y, Modigliani R, Colombel JF, et al. A simple biological score for predicting low risk of short-term relapse in Crohn's disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2006;12:551–557.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oh K, Oh EH, Baek S, et al. Elevated C-reactive protein level during clinical remission can predict poor outcomes in patients with Crohn's disease. PLoS One. 2017;12:e0179266.
   Google Scholar
• Click B, Vargas EJ, Anderson AM, et al. Silent Crohn's disease: asymptomatic patients with elevated c-reactive protein are at risk for subsequent hospitalization. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2015;21(10):2254–2261.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• af Bjorkesten CG, Nieminen U, Turunen U, et al. Surrogate markers and clinical indices, alone or combined, as indicators for endoscopic remission in anti-TNF-treated luminal Crohn's disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47:528–537.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baars JE, Nuij VJ, Oldenburg B, et al. Majority of patients with inflammatory bowel disease in clinical remission have mucosal inflammation. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:1634–1640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Haens G, Ferrante M, Vermeire S, et al. Fecal calprotectin is a surrogate marker for endoscopic lesions in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2012;18:2218–2224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouillon L, Peyrin-Biroulet L. It is time to revise the STRIDE guidelines determining therapeutic goals for treat-to-target in inflammatory bowel disease. J Crohn's Colitis. 2018;12:509.
   Google Scholar