The relationship between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease: true or fiction?

References

• Arneth BM. Gut-brain axis biochemical signalling from the gastrointestinal tract to the central nervous system: gut dysbiosis and altered brain function. Postgrad Med J. 2018;94:446.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayer EA, Knight R, Mazmanian SK, et al. Gut microbes and the brain: paradigm shift in neuroscience. J Neurosci. 2014;34:15490–15496.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Kasper LH. The role of microbiome in central nervous system disorders. Brain Behav Immun. 2014;38:1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klingelhoefer L, Reichmann H. The gut and nonmotor symptoms in Parkinson's disease. Int Rev Neurobiol. 2017;134:787–809.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chaudhuri KR, Martinez-Martin P, Brown RG, et al. The metric properties of a novel non-motor symptoms scale for Parkinson’s disease: results from an international pilot study. Mov Disord. 2007;22:1901–1911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abbott RD, Petrovitch H, White LR, et al. Frequency of bowel movements and the future risk of Parkinson's disease. Neurology. 2001;57:456–462.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hawkes CH, Del Tredici K, Braak H. Parkinson’s disease: a dual-hit hypothesis. Neuropathol Appl Neurobiol. 2007;33:599–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Del Tredici K. Neuroanatomy and pathology of sporadic Parkinson's disease. Adv Anat Embryol Cell Biol. 2009;201:1–119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Braak H, Del Tredici K, Rub U, et al. Staging of brain pathology related to sporadic Parkinson’s disease. Neurobiol Aging. 2003;24:197–211.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Den Berge N, Ferreira N, Gram H, et al. Evidence for bidirectional and trans-synaptic parasympathetic and sympathetic propagation of alpha-synuclein in rats. Acta Neuropathol. 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00401-019-02040-w
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pan-Montojo F, Anichtchik O, Dening Y, et al. Progression of Parkinson’s disease pathology is reproduced by intragastric administration of rotenone in mice. PLoS One. 2010;5:e8762.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson E, Horváth-Puhó E, Thomsen RW, et al. Vagotomy and subsequent risk of Parkinson’s disease. Ann Neurol. 2015;78:522–529.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Camacho-Soto A, Gross A, Searles Nielsen S, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of Parkinson’s disease in Medicare beneficiaries. Park Relat Disord. 2018;50:23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. London: Whittingham and Rowland; 1817.
   Google Scholar
• Dobbs RJ, Charlett A, Dobbs SM, et al. Leukocyte-subset counts in idiopathic parkinsonism provide clues to a pathogenic pathway involving small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. A surveillance study. Gut Pathog. 2012;4:12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwiertz A, Spiegel J, Dillmann U, et al. Fecal markers of intestinal inflammation and intestinal permeability are elevated in Parkinson’s disease. Park Relat Disord. 2018;50:104–107.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devos D, Lebouvier T, Lardeux B, et al. Colonic inflammation in Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis. 2013;50:42–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobbs SM, Dobbs RJ, Weller C, et al. Peripheral aetiopathogenic drivers and mediators of Parkinson’s disease and co-morbidities: role of gastrointestinal microbiota. J Neurovirol. 2016;22:22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abraham C, Cho JH. Inflammatory bowel disease. N Engl J Med. 2009;361:2066–2078.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu JZ, Van Sommeren S, Huang H, et al. Association analyses identify 38 susceptibility loci for inflammatory bowel disease and highlight shared genetic risk across populations. Nat Genet. 2015;47:979–986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hui KY, Fernandez-Hernandez H, Hu J, et al. Functional variants in the LRRK2 gene confer shared effects on risk for Crohn’s disease and Parkinson’s disease. Sci Transl Med. 2018;10:pii: eaai7795.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ross OA, Soto-Ortolaza AI, Heckman MG, et al. Association of LRRK2 exonic variants with susceptibility to Parkinson's disease: a case-control study. Lancet Neurol. 2011;10:898–908.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Derkinderen P, Neunlist M. Crohn’s and Parkinson disease: is LRRK2 lurking around the corner? Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2018;15: 330–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forsyth CB, Shannon KM, Kordower JH, et al. Increased intestinal permeability correlates with sigmoid mucosa alpha-synuclein staining and endotoxin exposure markers in early Parkinson’s disease. PLoS One. 2011;6:e28032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Dily S, Heymann M-F, Neunlist M, et al. Structural alterations of the intestinal epithelial barrier in Parkinson’s disease. Acta Neuropathol Commun. 2015;3:12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heintz-Buschart A, Pandey U, Wicke T, et al. The nasal and gut microbiome in Parkinson’s disease and idiopathic rapid eye movement sleep behavior disorder. Mov Disord. 2018;33:88–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sampson TR, Debelius JW, Thron T, et al. Gut microbiota dysbiosis motor deficits and neuroinflammation in a model of Parkinson’s Disease. Br Dent J. 2016;167:1469–1480.
   Google Scholar
• Camacho-Soto A, Gross A, Searles Nielsen S, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and risk of Parkinson’s disease in Medicare beneficiaries. Park Relat Disord. 2018;50:23–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cryan JF, Dinan TG. Mind-altering microorganisms: the impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour. Nat Rev Neurosci. 2012;13:701–712.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujioka S, Curry SE, Kennelly KD, et al. Occurrence of Crohn’s disease with Parkinson’s disease. Park Relat Disord. 2017;37:116–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin JC, Lin CS, Hsu CW, et al. Association between Parkinson’s disease and inflammatory bowel disease: a nationwide Taiwanese retrospective cohort study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2016;22:1049–1055.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villumsen M, Aznar S, Pakkenberg B, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease increases the risk of Parkinson’s disease: a Danish nationwide cohort study 1977–2014. Gut. 2018;68:18–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peter I, Dubinsky M, Bressman S, et al. Anti-tumor necrosis factor therapy and incidence of Parkinson disease among patients with inflammatory bowel disease. JAMA Neurol. 2018;75:939–946.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimers P, Halfvarson J, Sachs MC, et al. Inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease: a Nationwide Swedish Cohort Study. Inflamm Bowel Dis. 2019;25:111–123.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weimers P, Halfvarson J, Sachs MC, et al. Association between inflammatory bowel disease and Parkinson’s disease: seek and you shall find? Gut. 2018;68:175–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar