Type 1 diabetes, thyroid, gastric and adrenal humoral autoantibodies are present altogether in almost one third of adult celiac patients at diagnosis, with a higher frequency than children and adolescent celiac patients

References

• Sollid LM, Jabri B. Triggers and drivers of autoimmunity: lessons from celiac disease. Nat Rev Immunol. 2013;13(4):294–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly CP, Bai JC, Liu E, et al. Celiac disease: clinical spectrum and management. Gastroenterology. 2015;148(6):1175–1186.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauret E, Rodrigo L. Celiac disease and autoimmune-associated conditions. BioMed Res Int. 2013;2013:1–17.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lundin KEA, Wijmenga C. Coeliac disease and autoimmune disease-genetic overlap and screening. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2015;12(9):507–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collin P, Kaukinen K, Välimäki M, et al. Endocrinological disorders and celiac disease. Endocrine Rev. 2002;23(4):464–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kahaly GJ, Schuppan D. Celiac disease and endocrine autoimmunity. Dig Dis. 2015;33(2):155–161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti A, Capriati T, Bizzarri C, et al. Celiac disease and endocrine autoimmune disorders in children. Export Rev Clin Immunol. 2013;9(12):1289–1301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ventura A, Neri E, Ughi C, et al. Gluten-dependent diabetes-related and thyroid-related autoantibodies in patients with celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2000;137(2):263–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Mario U, Anastasi E, Mariani P, et al. Diabetes-related autoantibodies do appear in children with coeliac disease. Acta Paediatr. 1992;81(8):593–597.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D'Annunzio G, Giannattasio A, Poggi E, et al. ß-cell autoimmunity in pediatric celiac disease: the case for routine screening? Diabetes Care. 2009;32(2):254–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toscano V, Conti FG, Anastasi E, et al. Importance of gluten in the induction of endocrine autoantibodies and organ dysfunction in adolescent celiac patients. Am J Gastroenterology. 2000;95(7):1742–1748.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadithi M, de Boer H, Meijer JWR, et al. Coeliac disease in Dutch patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis and vice versa. WJG. 2007;13(11):1715–1722.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ansaldi N, Palmas T, Corrias A, et al. Autoimmune thyroid disease and celiac disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2003;37(1):63–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meloni A, Mandas C, Jores RD, et al. Prevalence of autoimmune thyroiditis in children with celiac disease and effect of gluten withdrawal. J Pediatr. 2009;155(1):51–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassio A, Ricci G, Baronio F, et al. Long-term clinical significance of thyroid autoimmunity in children with celiac disease. J Pediatr. 2010;156(2):292–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diamanti A, Ferretti F, Guglielmi R, et al. Thyroid autoimmunity in children with coeliac disease: a prospective survey. Arch Dis Child. 2011;96(11):1038–1041.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Rosa Utiyama SR, da Silva Kotze LM, Nisihara RM, et al. Spectrum of autoantibodies in celiac patients and Relatives. Dig Dis Sci. 2001;46(12):2624–2630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nenna R, Magliocca FM, Tiberti C, et al. Endoscopic and histological gastric lesions in children with celiac disease: mucosal involvement is not only confined to the duodenum. JPGN. 2012;55(6):728–731.
   Google Scholar
• Tiberti C, Montuori M, Panimolle F, et al. Screening for type 1 diabetes-, thyroid-, gastric-, and adrenal-specific humoral autoimmunity in 529 children and adolescents with celiac disease at diagnosis identifies as positive in one of every nine patients. Dia Care. 2017;40(2):e1–e2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonamico M, Tiberti C, Picarelli A, et al. Radioimmunoassay to detect antitransglutaminase autoantibodies is the most sensitive and specific method for celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterology. 2001;96(5):1536–1540.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li M, Yu L, Tiberti C, et al. A report on the International Transglutaminase Autoantibody workshop for celiac disease. Am J Gastroenterol. 2009;104(1):154–163.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiberti C, Yu L, Lucantoni F, et al. Detection of four diabetes-specific autoantibodies in a single radioimmunoassay: an innovative high-throughput approach for autoimmune diabetes screening. Clin Exp Immunol. 2011;166(3):317–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lampasona V, Schlosser M, Mueller PW, Participating Laboratories, et al. Diabetes Antibody Standardization Program: first proficiency evaluation of assays for autoantibodies to zinc transporter 8. Clin Chem. 2011;57(12):1693–1702.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grubin CE, Daniels T, Toivola B, IDDM, et al. A novel radioligand binding assay to determine diagnostic accuracy of isoform-specific glutamic acid decarboxylase antibodies in childhood. Diabetologia. 1994;37(4):344–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiberti C, Verrienti A, Fiore B, et al. IA-2 combined epitope assay: a new, highly sensitive approach to evaluate IA-2 humoral autoimmunity in type 1 diabetes. Clin Immunol. 2005;115(3):260–267.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenzlau JM, Juhl K, Yu L, et al. The cation efflux transporter ZnT8 (Slc30A8) is a major autoantigen in human type 1 diabetes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 2007;104(43):17040–17045.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falorni A, Chen S, Zanchetta R, et al. Measuring adrenal autoantibody response: Interlaboratory concordance in the first international serum exchange for the determination of 21-hydroxylase autoantibodies. Clin Immunol. 2011;140(3):291–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotze LM, da Silva Kotze LR, Moreno I, et al. Immune mediated diseases in patients with celiac disease and their relatives: a comparative study of age and sex. Arq Gastroenterol. 2018;55(4):346–351.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ventura A, Magazzù G, Greco L. Duration of exposure to gluten and risk for autoimmune disorders in patients with celiac disease. SIGEP Study Group for Autoimmune Disorders in Celiac Disease. Gastroenterology. 1999;117(2):297–303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ch’ng CL, Keston Jones M, Kingham JGC. Celiac disease and autoimmune thyroid disease. Clin Med Res. 2007;5(3):184–192.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Midhagen G, Järnerot G, Kraaz W. Adult celiac disease within a defined geographic area in Sweden. A study of prevalence and associated diseases. Scand J Gastroenterol. 1988;23(8):1000–1004.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Counsell CE, Taha A, Ruddell WS. Celiac disease and autoimmune thyroid disease. Gut. 1994;35(6):844–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rusak E, Chobot A, Krzywicka A, et al. Anti-parietal cell antibodies – diagnostic significance. Adv.in Medical Sciences. 2016;61(2):175–179.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ziegler AG, Rewers M, Simel O, et al. Seroconversion to multiple islet autoantibodies and risk of progression to diabetes in children. JAMA. 2013;309(23):2473–2479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elfström P, Montgomery SM, Kämpe O, et al. Risk of primary adrenal insufficiency in patients with celiac disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2007;92(9):3595–3598.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Freeman HJ. Endocrine manifestations in celiac disease. WJG. 2016;22(38):8472–8479.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar