References
- Petruzziello A, Marigliano S, Loquercio G, et al. Global epidemiology of hepatitis C virus infection: An up-date of the distribution and circulation of hepatitis C virus genotypes. WJG. 2016;22(34):7824–7840.
- Simmonds P, Becher B, Bukh J, ICTV Report Consortium, et al. ICTV virus taxonomy profile: Flaviviridae. J Gen Virol. 2017;98:2–3.
- Gupta E, Bajpai M, Choudhary A. Hepatitis C virus: screening, diagnosis, and interpretation of laboratory assays. Asian J Transfus Sci. 2014;8(1):19–25.
- Li HC, Lo SY. Hepatitis C virus: virology, diagnosis and treatment. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(10):1377–1389.
- Mohamed AA, Elbedewy TA, El-Serafy M, et al. Hepatitis C virus: a global view. World J Hepatol. 2015;7(26):2676–2680.
- Pradat P, Virlogeux V, Trépo E. Epidemiology and elimination of HCV-related liver disease. Viruses. 2018;10(10):545.
- Shah H, Bilodeau M, Burak KW, Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver, et al. The management of chronic hepatitis C: 2018 guideline update from the Canadian Association for the Study of the Liver. CMAJ. 2018;190(22):E677–E687.
- Rezaee-Zavareh MS, Hadi R, Karimi-Sari H, et al. Occult HCV infection: the current state of knowledge. Iran Red Crescent Med J. 2015;17(11):e34181.
- Carreno V, Bartolome J, Castillo I, et al. Does occult hepatitis C virus infection exist? J Clin Microbiol. 2008;46(10):3550–3552.
- De Marco L, Gillio-Tos A, Fiano V, et al. Occult HCV infection: an unexpected finding in a population unselected for hepatic disease. PLoS One. 2009;4(12):e8128.
- Elmasry S, Wadhwa S, Bang BR, et al. Detection of occult hepatitis c virus infection in patients who achieved a sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents for recurrent infection after liver transplantation. Gastroenterology. 2017;152(3):550–553.e8.
- De Marco L. Acute HCV infection after chemotherapy: the need to search for occult HCV before this treatment? Minerva Gastroenterol Dietol. 2019;65(2):167.
- Ali NK, Mohamed RR, Saleh BE, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection among haemodialysis patients. Arab J Gastroenterol. 2018;19(3):101–105.
- Park HC, Lee YK, Yoo KD, et al. Korean clinical practice guidelines for preventing the transmission of infections in hemodialysis facilities. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2018;37(1):8–19.
- Vanichanan J, Udomkarnjananun S, Avihingsanon Y, et al. Common viral infections in kidney transplant recipients. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2018;37(4):323–337.
- Karkar A. Infection control guidelines in hemodialysis facilities. Kidney Res Clin Pract. 2018;37(1):1–3.
- Karkar A. Hand hygiene in haemodialysis units. OA Lib J. 2016;03(08):e2953.
- Gallego E, Lopez A, Perez J, et al. Effect of isolation measures on the incidence and prevalence of hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis. Nephron Clin Pract. 2006;104(1):c1–6.
- Garthwaite E, Reddy V, Douthwaite S, et al. Clinical practice guideline management of blood borne viruses within the haemodialysis unit. BMC Nephrol. 2019;20(1):388
- Colussi G, Donnini D, Brizzi RF, et al. Sustained virologic response to direct-acting antiviral agents predicts better outcomes in hepatitis C virus-infected patients: A retrospective study. WJG. 2019;25(40):6094–6106.
- Lashen SA, Shamseya MM, Madkour MA, et al. Tolerability and effectiveness of generic direct-acting antiviral drugs in eradication of hepatitis C genotype 4 among Egyptian patients. Liver Int. 2019;39(5):835–843.
- Carreño V, Bartolomé J, Castillo I, et al. New perspectives in occult hepatitis C virus infection. World J Gastroenterol. 2012; 18(23):2887–2894.
- Sette LH, Lopes EP. Liver enzymes serum levels in patients with chronic kidney disease on hemodialysis: a comprehensive review. Clinics (Sao Paulo). 2014;69(4):271–278.
- Foley RN, Curtis BM, Parfrey PS. Hemoglobin targets and blood transfusions in hemodialysis patients without symptomatic cardiac disease receiving erythropoietin therapy. CJASN. 2008;3(6):1669–1675.
- Child CG. Surgery and portal hypertension. In: Child CG, editor. The liver and portal hypertension. Philadelphia (PA): WB Saunders; 1964. p. 50–72.
- Jia Y, Xu H, Li Y, et al. A modified Ficoll-Paque gradient method for isolating mononuclear cells from the peripheral and umbilical cord blood of humans for biobanks and clinical laboratories. Biopreserv Biobank. 2018;16(2):82–91.
- Naghdi R, Ranjbar M, Bokharaei-Salim F, et al. Occult hepatitis C infection among hemodialysis patients: a prevalence study. Ann Hepatol. 2017;16(4):510–513.
- Somi MH, Etemadi J, Ghojazadeh M, et al. Risk factors of HCV seroconversion in hemodialysis patients in Tabriz, Iran. Hepat Mon. 2014;14(5):e17417.
- Amin Elzorkany KM, Zahran A. Hepatitis C virus status in hemodialysis patients in Menoufia Government, Egypt, five years apart: do we have any improvement? Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl. 2017;28(5):1126–1132.
- Abdelmoemen G, Khodeir SA, Abou-Saif S, et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis C virus among hemodialysis patients in Tanta university hospitals: a single-center study. Environ Sci Pollut Res Int. 2018;25(6):5459–5464.
- Pereira BJ, Levey AS. Hepatitis C virus infection in dialysis and renal transplantation. Kidney Int. 1997;51(4):981–999.
- Abdelrahim SS, Khairy R, Esmail MA, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian hemodialysis patients. J Med Virol. 2016;88(8):1388–1393.
- El-Shishtawy S, Sherif N, Abdallh E, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection in hemodialysis patients; single center study. Electron Physician. 2015;7(8):1619–1625.
- Serwah A, Mohamed WS, Serwah M, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection in haemodialysis unit: a single-center experience. EJHM. 2014;56(1):280–288.
- Baid-Agrawal S, Schindler R, Reinke P, et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis C infection in chronic hemodialysis and kidney transplant patients. J Hepatol. 2014;60(5):928–933.
- Mekky MA, Sayed HI, Abdelmalek MO, et al. Prevalence and predictors of occult hepatitis C virus infection among Egyptian patients who achieved sustained virologic response to sofosbuvir/daclatasvir therapy: a multi-center study. Infect Drug Resist. 2019;12:273–279.
- Idrees M, Lal A, Malik FA, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection and associated predictive factors: the Pakistan experience. Infect Genet Evol. 2011;11(2):442–445.
- Espinosa M, Martin-Malo A, Alvarez de Lara MA, et al. Risk of death and liver cirrhosis in anti-HCV-positive long-term haemodialysis patients. Nephrol Dial Transplant. 2001;16(8):1669–1674.
- Hussain Y, Shahzad A, Azam S, et al. Hepatitis-C and it's seroconversion in end stage kidney disease patients on maintenance hemodialysis and factors affecting it. Pak J Med Sci. 2019;35(1):66–70.
- Fissell RB, Bragg-Gresham JL, Woods JD, et al. Patterns of hepatitis C prevalence and seroconversion in hemodialysis units from three continents: the DOPPS. Kidney Int. 2004;65(6):2335–2342.
- Carreño V. Seronegative occult hepatitis C virus infection: clinical implications. J Clin Virol. 2014;61(3):315–320.
- Schneeberger PM, Keur I, van der Vliet W, et al. Hepatitis C virus infections in dialysis centers in The Netherlands: a national survey by serological and molecular methods. J Clin Microbiol. 1998;36(6):1711–1715.
- Yazdanpanah Y, De Carli G, Migueres B, et al. Risk factors for hepatitis C virus transmission to health care workers after occupational exposure: a European case-control study. Clin Infect Dis. 2005;41(10):1423–1430.
- Veerapu NS, Park SH, Tully DC, et al. Trace amounts of sporadically reappearing HCV RNA can cause infection. J Clin Invest. 2014;124(8):3469–3478.
- Pardo M, López-Alcorocho JM, Castillo I, et al. Effect of anti-viral therapy for occult hepatitis C virus infection. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2006;23(8):1153–1159.
- Yakaryilmaz F, Gurbuz OA, Guliter S, et al. Prevalence of occult hepatitis B and hepatitis C virus infections in Turkish hemodialysis patients. Ren Fail. 2006;28(8):729–735.
- Guh JY, Lai YH, Yang CY, et al. Impact of decreased serum transaminase levels on the evaluation of viral hepatitis in hemodialysis patients. Nephron. 1995;69(4):459–465.
- Barril G, Castillo I, Arenas MD, et al. Occult hepatitis C virus infection among hemodialysis patients. J Am Soc Nephrol. 2008;19(12):2288–2292.
- Kishk R, Mandour M, Elprince M, et al. Pattern and interpretation of hepatitis B virus markers among pregnant women in North East Egypt. Braz J Microbiol. 2020;51(2):593–600.
- Mandour M, Nemr N, Shehata A, et al. Occult HBV infection status among chronic hepatitis C and hemodialysis patients in Northeastern Egypt: regional and national overview. Rev Soc Bras Med Trop. 2015;48(3):258–264.
- Anwar K, Imran M, Shahzad F, et al. Prevalence of hepatitis B and hepatitis C infection among patients undergoing dialysis. J Hum Virol Retrovirol. 2016; 3(3):00094.
- Ferreira RC, Teles SA, Dias MA, et al. Hepatitis B virus infection profile in hemodialysis patients in Central Brazil: prevalence, risk factors, and genotypes. Mem Inst Oswaldo Cruz. 2006;101(6):689–692.