Incidence and risk factors for development of hepatocellular carcinoma at young age in patients with chronic hepatitis B

References

• Jung KW, Won YJ, Oh CM, et al. Prediction of cancer incidence and mortality in Korea, 2017. Cancer Res Treat. 2017;49(2):306–312.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertuccio P, Turati F, Carioli G, et al. Global trends and predictions in hepatocellular carcinoma mortality. J Hepatol. 2017;67(2):302–309.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim KM, Kim J, Sinn DH, et al. Treatment for occult hepatocellular carcinoma: does it offer survival advantages over symptom-driven treatment? Scand J Gastroenterol. 2018;53(6):727–733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL clinical practice guidelines: management of hepatocellular carcinoma. J Hepatol. 2018;69:182–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrero JA, Kulik LM, Sirlin CB, et al. Diagnosis, staging, and management of hepatocellular carcinoma: 2018 practice guidance by the American Association for the study of liver diseases. Hepatology. 2018;68(2):723–750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Q, Luan W, Villanueva GA, et al. Clinical prognostic variables in young patients (under 40 years) with hepatitis B virus-associated hepatocellular carcinoma. J Dig Dis. 2012;13(4):214–218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rockey DC, Caldwell SH, Goodman ZD, et al. Liver biopsy. Hepatology. 2009;49(3):1017–1044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonekamp S, Kamel I, Solga S, et al. Can imaging modalities diagnose and stage hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis accurately? J Hepatol. 2009;50(1):17–35.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• EASL-ALEH clinical practice guidelines: non-invasive tests for evaluation of liver disease severity and prognosis. J Hepatol. 2015;63:237–264.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Choi MS, Lee H, et al. Clinical features and prognosis of hepatocellular carcinoma in young patients from a hepatitis B-endemic area. J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2006;21(3):588–594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yotsuyanagi H, Takano T, Tanaka M, et al. Hepatitis B virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma in young adults: efficacy of nationwide selective vaccination. Hepatol Res. 2020;50(2):182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang PE, Ong WC, Lui HF, et al. Is the prognosis of young patients with hepatocellular carcinoma poorer than the prognosis of older patients? A comparative analysis of clinical characteristics, prognostic features, and survival outcome. J Gastroenterol. 2008;43(11):881–888.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn DH, Gwak GY, Cho J, et al. Comparison of clinical manifestations and outcomes between hepatitis B virus- and hepatitis C virus-related hepatocellular carcinoma: analysis of a nationwide cohort. PLOS One. 2014;9(11):e112184.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosch FX, Ribes J, Diaz M, et al. Primary liver cancer: worldwide incidence and trends. Gastroenterology. 2004;127(5 Suppl 1):S5–s16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Liver Cancer Study Group, National Cancer Center, Korea. 2014 KLCSG-NCC Korea practice guideline for the management of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut Liver. 2015;9:267–317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korean Liver Cancer Study Group, National Cancer Center, Korea. [Practice guidelines for management of hepatocellular carcinoma 2009]. Korean J Hepatol. 2009;15:391–423.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sterling RK, Lissen E, Clumeck N, et al. Development of a simple noninvasive index to predict significant fibrosis in patients with HIV/HCV coinfection. Hepatology. 2006;43(6):1317–1325.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonneveld MJ, Brouwer WP, Chan HL, et al. Optimisation of the use of APRI and FIB-4 to rule out cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B: results from the SONIC-B study. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2019;4(7):538–544.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrault NA, Lok ASF, McMahon BJ, et al. Update on prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of chronic hepatitis B: AASLD 2018 hepatitis B guidance. Hepatology. 2018;67(4):1560–1599.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HI, Lu SN, Liaw YF, et al. Hepatitis B e antigen and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. N Engl J Med. 2002;347(3):168–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuen MF, Tanaka Y, Fong DY, et al. Independent risk factors and predictive score for the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B. J Hepatol. 2009;50(1):80–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• KASL clinical practice guidelines for management of chronic hepatitis B. Clin Mol Hepatol. 2019;25:93–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang HI, Yuen MF, Chan HL, et al. Risk estimation for hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B (REACH-B): development and validation of a predictive score. Lancet Oncol. 2011;12(6):568–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong VW, Chan SL, Mo F, et al. Clinical scoring system to predict hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B carriers. J Clin Oncol. 2010;28(10):1660–1665.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suh B, Park S, Shin DW, et al. High liver fibrosis index FIB-4 is highly predictive of hepatocellular carcinoma in chronic hepatitis B carriers. Hepatology. 2015;61(4):1261–1268.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tseng TC, Liu CJ, Su TH, et al. Fibrosis-4 index helps identify HBV carriers with the lowest risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Am J Gastroenterol. 2017;112(10):1564–1574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HW, Chon YE, Kim BK, et al. Negligible HCC risk during stringently defined untreated immune-tolerant phase of chronic hepatitis B. Eur J Intern Med. 2021;84:68–73.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tajiri H, Takano T, Tanaka H, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma in children and young patients with chronic HBV infection and the usefulness of alpha-fetoprotein assessment. Cancer Med. 2016;5(11):3102–3110.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Abe K, Thung SN, Wu HC, et al. Pre-S2 deletion mutants of hepatitis B virus could have an important role in hepatocarcinogenesis in Asian children. Cancer Sci. 2009;100(12):2249–2254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinn DH, Choi MS, Gwak GY, et al. Pre-s mutation is a significant risk factor for hepatocellular carcinoma development: a long-term retrospective cohort study. Dig Dis Sci. 2013;58(3):751–758.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gounder PP, Bulkow LR, Snowball M, et al. Hepatocellular carcinoma risk in Alaska native children and young adults with hepatitis B virus: retrospective cohort analysis. J Pediatr. 2016;178:206–213.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar