Role of BMI in the relationship between dietary inflammatory index and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an intermediary analysis

References

• Powell EE, Wong VWS, Rinella M. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Lancet. 2021;397(10290):2212–2224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Younossi ZM, Stepanova M, Younossi Y, et al. Epidemiology of chronic liver diseases in the USA in the past three decades. Gut. 2020;69(3):564–568.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baumeister SE, Völzke H, Marschall P, et al. Impact of fatty liver disease on health care utilization and costs in a general population: a 5-year observation. Gastroenterology. 2008;134(1):85–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estes C, Anstee QM, Arias-Loste MT, et al. Modeling NAFLD disease burden in China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Spain, United Kingdom, and United States for the period 2016-2030. J Hepatol. 2018;69(4):896–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwimmer JB, Ugalde-Nicalo P, Welsh JA, et al. Effect of a low free sugar diet vs usual diet on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in adolescent boys. JAMA. 2019;321(3):256–265.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vos MB, Abrams SH, Barlow SE, et al. NASPGHAN clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis and treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in children. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2017;64(2):319–334.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrea L, Di Somma C, Muscogiuri G, et al. Nutrition, inflammation and liver-spleen axis. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr. 2018;58(18):3141–3158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Byrd DA, Judd SE, Flanders WD, et al. Development and validation of novel dietary and lifestyle inflammation scores. J Nutr. 2019;149(12):2206–2218.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, et al. Designing and developing a literature-derived, population-based dietary inflammatory index. Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(8):1689–1696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hébert JR, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, et al. Perspective: the dietary inflammatory index (DII)—lessons learned, improvements made, and future directions. Adv Nutr. 2019;10(2):185–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramírez-Vélez R, García-Hermoso A, Izquierdo M, et al. The dietary inflammatory index and hepatic health in the US adult population. J Hum Nutr Diet. 2022;35(5):968–979.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vahid F, Shivappa N, Hekmatdoost A, et al. Association of pro-inflammatory dietary intake and Non-Alcoholic fatty liver disease: findings from Iranian case-control study. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2018;88(3–4):144–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazidi M, Shivappa N, Wirth MD, et al. Diet with greater inflammatory potential is associated with higher prevalence of fatty liver among US adults. Eur J Clin Nutr. 2019;73(12):1653–1656.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Polyzos SA, Kountouras J, Mantzoros CS. Obesity and nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: from pathophysiology to therapeutics. Metabolism. 2019;92:82–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agudo A, Masegú R, Bonet C, et al. Inflammatory potential of the diet and mortality in the Spanish cohort of the European prospective investigation into cancer and nutrition (EPIC-Spain). Mol Nutr Food Res. 2017;61(8):1600649.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Canela M, Zazpe I, Shivappa N, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and anthropometric measures of obesity in a population sample at high cardiovascular risk from the PREDIMED (PREvención con DIeta MEDiterránea) trial. Br J Nutr. 2015;113(6):984–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zipf G, Chiappa M, Porter KS, et al. National health and nutrition examination survey: plan and operations, 1999-2010. Vital Health Stat 1. 2013;(56):1–37.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shivappa N, Steck SE, Hurley TG, et al. A population-based dietary inflammatory index predicts levels of C-reactive protein in the seasonal variation of blood cholesterol study (SEASONS). Public Health Nutr. 2014;17(8):1825–1833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bedogni G, Bellentani S, Miglioli L, et al. The fatty liver index: a simple and accurate predictor of hepatic steatosis in the general population. BMC Gastroenterol. 2006;26(1):33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sales AC. Review: mediation package in R. J Educ Behav Stat. 2017;42(1):69–84.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Z, Zheng C, Kim C, et al. Causal mediation analysis in the context of clinical research. Ann Transl Med. 2016;4(21):425.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Darbandi M, Hamzeh B, Ayenepour A, et al. Anti-inflammatory diet consumption reduced fatty liver indices. Sci Rep. 2021;11(1):22601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tian T, Zhang J, Xie W, et al. Dietary quality and relationships with metabolic dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD) among United States adults, results from NHANES 2017–2018. Nutrients. 2022;14(21):4505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantero I, Abete I, Babio N, et al. Dietary inflammatory index and liver status in subjects with different adiposity levels within the PREDIMED trial. Clin Nutr. 2018;37(5):1736–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gray ME, Bae S, Ramachandran R, et al. Dietary patterns and prevalent NAFLD at year 25 from the coronary artery risk development in young adults (CARDIA) study. Nutrients. 2022;14(4):854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbaresko J, Koch M, Schulze MB, et al. Dietary pattern analysis and biomarkers of low-grade inflammation: a systematic literature review. Nutr Rev. 2013;71(8):511–527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia Y, Zhang Q, Liu L, et al. Intermediary effect of inflammation on the association between dietary patterns and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nutrition. 2020;71:110562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romero-Gómez M, Zelber-Sagi S, Trenell M. Treatment of NAFLD with diet, physical activity and exercise. J Hepatol. 2017;67(4):829–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tabung FK, Smith-Warner SA, Chavarro JE, et al. An empirical dietary inflammatory pattern score enhances prediction of circulating inflammatory biomarkers in adults. J Nutr. 2017;147(8):1567–1577.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farhangi MA, Vajdi M. The association between dietary inflammatory index and risk of Central obesity in adults: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis. Int J Vitam Nutr Res. 2020; 90(5-6):535–552.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weisberg SP, McCann D, Desai M, et al. Obesity is associated with macrophage accumulation in adipose tissue. J Clin Invest. 2003; 112(12):1796–1808.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ullah R, Rauf N, Nabi G, et al. Role of nutrition in the pathogenesis and prevention of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: recent updates. Int J Biol Sci. 2019;15(2):265–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu R, Pan J, Zhou W, et al. Recent advances in lean NAFLD. Biomed Pharmacother. 2022;153:113331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Targher G, Byrne CD, Tilg H. NAFLD and increased risk of cardiovascular disease: clinical associations, pathophysiological mechanisms and pharmacological implications. Gut. 2020;69(9):1691–1705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Amirkalali B, Khoonsari M, Sohrabi MR, et al. Relationship between dietary macronutrient composition and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in lean and non-lean populations: a cross-sectional study. Public Health Nutr. 2021;24(18):6178–6190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beaton GH, Milner J, McGuire V, et al. Source of variance in 24-hour dietary recall data: implications for nutrition study design and interpretation. Carbohydrate sources, vitamins, and minerals. Am J Clin Nutr. 1983;37(6):986–995.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia N, Dwyer J, Terry A, et al. Update on NHANES dietary data: focus on collection, release, analytical considerations, and uses to inform public Policy12. Adv Nutr. 2016;7(1):121–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar