References
- Ramstedt M. Per capita alcohol consumption and liver cirrhosis mortality in 14 european countries. Addiction. 2001;96 Suppl 1(Suppl 1):S19–S33. doi: 10.1080/09652140020021152.
- Sheron N. Alcohol and liver disease in Europe-simple measures have the potential to prevent tens of thousands of premature deaths. J Hepatol. 2016;64(4):957–967. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.11.006.
- Smart RG. Is the post-war drinking binge ending? Cross-sectional trends in per capita alcohol consumption. Br J Addict. 1989;84(7):743–748. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.1989.tb03053.x.
- Halliday ML, Coates RA, Rankin JG. Changing trends of cirrhosis mortality in Ontario, Canada, 1911-1986. Int J Epidemiol. 1991;20(1):199–208. doi: 10.1093/ije/20.1.199.
- Saunders JB, Devereaux BM. Epidemiology and comparative incidence of alcoholic-induced liver disease. In Ethanol and the liver. Mechanisms and management. Ed. David I. N. Sherman, Victor Preedy and Ronald Ross Watson. Taylor & Francis London 2002.
- Savolainen VT, Liesto K, Männikkö A, et al. Alcohol consumption and alcoholic liver disease: evidence of a threshold level of effects of ethanol. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1993;17(5):1112–1117. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1993.tb05673.x.
- Haukeland JW, Lorgen I, Schreiner LT, et al. Incidence rates and causes of cirrhosis in a norwegian population. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2007;42(12):1501–1508. doi: 10.1080/00365520701478014.
- Gunnarsdottir SA, Olsson R, Olafsson S, et al. Liver cirrhosis in Iceland and Sweden incidence, aetiology and outcomes. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2009;44(8):984–993. doi: 10.1080/00365520902912571.
- Dam Fialla A, De Muckadell OBS, Touborg Lassen A. Incidence, etiology and mortality of cirrhosis: a population-based cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2012;47(6):702–709. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2012.661759.
- Olafsson S, Björnsson ES. Differences and similarities in the etiology and the incidence of cirrhosis in the nordic countries. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2013;48(4):509–510. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2012.749512.
- Saunders JB, Wodak AD, Williams R. What determines susceptibility to liver damage to alcohol? J R Soc Med. 1984;77(3):204–216. doi: 10.1177/014107688407700311.
- Sørensen TI, Orholm M, Bentsen KD, et al. Prospective evaluation of alcohol abuse and alcoholic liver injury in men as predictors of development of cirrhosis. Lancet. 1984;2(8397):241–244. doi: 10.1016/s0140-6736(84)90295-2.
- Becker U, Deis A, Sorensen TI, et al. Prediction of risk of liver disease by alcohol intake, sex and age: a prospective population based study. Hepatology. 1996;23(5):1025–1029. doi: 10.1002/hep.510230513.
- Crabb DW, Bataller R, Chalasani NP, et al. Standard definitions and common data elements for clinical trials in patients with alcoholic hepatitis: recommendation from the NIAAA alcoholic hepatitis consortia. Gastroenterology. 2016;150(4):785–790. doi: 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.02.042.
- Child CG, Turcotte JG. Surgery and portal hypertension. In: child CG, ed. The liver and portal hypertension. Philadelphia: saunders, 1964.
- Kamath P, Wiesner R, Malinchoc M, et al. A model to predict sur- vival in patients with end-stage liver disease. Hepatology. 2001;15:101–109.
- www.vinbudin.is.
- www.althingi.is.
- www.saa.is.
- Sweden. https://spirits.eu/upload/files/publications/Swedish_Report_January2022.pdf.
- Norway. https://www.fhi.no/en/op/Indicators-for-NCD/alcohol/alkoholforbruk-per-innbygger-indikator-3/.
- Finland. https://www.statista.com/statistics/593487/per-capita-consumption-of-alcoholic-beverages-in-finland/.
- Iceland. www.statice.is.
- Kraglund F, Deleuran T, Askgaard G, et al. Decreasing incidence of Alcohol-Related liver disease in Denmark: a 25-Year nationwide study. Clin Epidemiol. 2021;13:1–11. doi: 10.2147/CLEP.S287870.
- Smart RG. Recent international reductions and increases in liver cirrhosis deaths. Alcohol Clin Exp Res. 1988;12(2):239–242. doi: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.1988.tb00187.x.
- Huang DQ, Terrault NA, Tacke F, et al. Global epidemiology of cirrhosis - aetiology, trends and predictions. Nat Rev Gastroenterol Hepatol. 2023;20(6):388–398. Mar 28:doi: 10.1038/s41575-023-00759-2.
- Lúdvíksdóttir D, Skúlason H, Jakobsson F, et al. Epidemiology of liver cirrhosis morbidity and mortality in Iceland. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. 1997;9(1):61–66. doi: 10.1097/00042737-199701000-00015.
- Roerecke M, Rehm J. Alcohol use disorders and mortality: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Addiction. 2013;108(9):1562–1578. doi: 10.1111/add.12231.
- Sahlman P, Nissinen M, Pukkala E, et al. Incidence, survival and cause-specific mortality in alcoholic liver disease: a population-based cohort study. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2016;51(8):961–966. doi: 10.3109/00365521.2016.1157889.
- Fleming KM, Aithal GP, Solaymani- Dodaran M, et al. Incidence and prevalence of cirrhosis in the United Kingdom, 1992-2001: a general population-based study. J Hepatol. 2008;49(5):732–738. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2008.05.023.
- Williams R, Aithal G, Alexander GJ, et al. Unacceptable failures: the final report of the lancet commission into liver disease in the UK. Lancet. 2020;395(10219):226–239. doi: 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)32908-3.
- Wang WJ, Xiao P, Xu HQ, et al. Growing burden of alcoholic liver disease in China: a review. World J Gastroenterol. 2019;25(12):1445–1456. doi: 10.3748/wjg.v25.i12.1445.
- Nilsson E, Anderson H, Sargenti K, et al. Incidence, clinical presentation and mortality of liver cirrhosis in Southern Sweden: a 10-year population-based study. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2016;43(12):1330–1339. doi: 10.1111/apt.13635.
- Weitzman ER, Folkman A, Folkman M, et al. The relationship of alcohol outlet density to heavy and frequent drinking and drinking-related problems among college students at eight universities. Health Place. 2003;9(1):1–6. doi: 10.1016/s1353-8292(02)00014-x.
- Kypri K, Bell ML, Hay GC, et al. Alcohol outlet density and university student drinking: a national study. Addiction. 2008;103(7):1131–1138. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02239.x.
- Pimpin L, Cortez-Pinto H, Negro F, EASL HEPAHEALTH Steering Committee., et al. Burden of liver disease in Europe: epidemiology and analysis of risk factors to identify prevention policies. J Hepatol. 2018; Sep69(3):718–735. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2018.05.011.
- Olafsdóttir H. The dynamics of shifts in alcoholic beverage preference: effects of the legalization of beer in Iceland. J Stud Alcohol. 1998;59(1):107–114. doi: 10.15288/jsa.1998.59.107.
- Bellentani S, Saccoccio G, Costa G, et al. Drinking habits as cofactors of risk for alcohol induced liver damage. The dionysos study group. Gut. 1997;41(6):845–850. doi: 10.1136/gut.41.6.845.
- Askgaard G, Grønbæk M, Kjær MS, et al. Alcohol drinking pattern and risk of alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a prospective cohort study. J Hepatol. 2015;62(5):1061–1067. doi: 10.1016/j.jhep.2014.12.005.
- Hatton J, Burton A, Nash H, et al. Drinking patterns, dependency and life-time drinking history in alcohol-related liver disease. Addiction. 2009;104(4):587–592. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02493.x.
- Nielsen JK, Olafsson S, Bergmann O, et al. Lifetime drinking history in patients with alcoholic liver disease and patients with alcohol use disorder without liver disease. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2017;52(6-7):762–767. doi: 10.1080/00365521.2017.1295466.
- Bell H, Jahnsen J, Kittang E, et al. Long- term prognosis of patientswith alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a 15-Year follow-up study of 100 norwegian patients admit- ted to one unit. Scand J Gastroenterol. 2004;39(9):858–863. doi: 10.1080/00365520410006350.
- D’amico G, Morabito A, Pagliaro L, et al. Survival and prognostic indicators in compensated and decompensated cirrhosis. Dig Dis Sci. 1986;31(5):468–475. doi: 10.1007/BF01320309.
- Xie YD, Feng B, Gao Y, et al. Effect of abstinence from alcohol on survival of patients with alcoholic cirrhosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hepatol Res. 2014;44(4):436–449. doi: 10.1111/hepr.12131.
- Vaillant GE. The natural history of alcoholism and its relationship to liver transplantation. Liver Transpl Surg. 1997;3(3):304–310. doi: 10.1002/lt.500030318.
- Altamirano J, López-Pelayo H, Michelena J, et al. Alcohol abstinence in patients surviving an episode of alcoholic hepatitis: prediction and impact on long-term survival. Hepatology. 2017;66(6):1842–1853. doi: 10.1002/hep.29338.
- Kalaitzakis E, Wallskog J, Björnsson E. Abstinence in patients with alcoholic liver cirrhosis: a follow-up study. Hepatol Res. 2008;38(9):869–876. doi: 10.1111/j.1872-034X.2008.00353.x.
- DiMartini A, Day N, Dew MA, et al. Alcohol consumption patterns and predictors of use following liver transplantation for alcoholic liver disease. Liver Transpl. 2006;12(5):813–820. doi: 10.1002/lt.20688.
- Alvarez MA, Cirera I, Solà R, et al. Long-term clinical course of decompensated alcoholic cirrhosis: a prospective study of 165 patients. J Clin Gastroenterol. 2011;45(10):906–911. doi: 10.1097/MCG.0b013e3182284e13.