Ziverel for PPI-refractory reflux symptoms: efficacy and mechanisms of action in humans

References

• El-Serag HB, Sweet S, Winchester CC, et al. Update on the epidemiology of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a systematic review. Gut. 2014;63(6):871–880. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-304269.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiba N, De Gara CJ, Wilkinson JM, et al. Speed of healing and symptom relief in grade II to IV gastroesophageal reflux disease: a meta-analysis. Gastroenterology. 1997;112(6):1798–1810. doi: 10.1053/gast.1997.v112.pm9178669.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigterman KE, van Pinxteren B, Bonis PA, et al. Short-term treatment with proton pump inhibitors, H2-receptor antagonists and prokinetics for gastro-oesophageal reflux disease-like symptoms and endoscopy negative reflux disease. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2013;2013(5):CD002095.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Weijenborg PW, Cremonini F, Smout AJ, et al. PPI therapy is equally effective in well-defined non-erosive reflux disease and in reflux esophagitis: a meta-analysis. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2012;24(8):747–757, e350. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-2982.2012.01888.x.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farre R, Blondeau K, Clement D, et al. Evaluation of oesophageal mucosa integrity by the intraluminal impedance technique. Gut. 2011;60(7):885–892. doi: 10.1136/gut.2010.233049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Woodland P, Lee C, Duraisamy Y, et al. Assessment and protection of esophageal mucosal integrity in patients with heartburn without esophagitis. Am J Gastroenterol. 2013;108(4):535–543. doi: 10.1038/ajg.2012.469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sifrim D, Zerbib F. Diagnosis and management of patients with reflux symptoms refractory to proton pump inhibitors. Gut. 2012;61(9):1340–1354. doi: 10.1136/gutjnl-2011-301897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobey NA, Carson JL, Alkiek RA, et al. Dilated intercellular spaces: a morphological feature of acid reflux–damaged human esophageal epithelium. Gastroenterology. 1996;111(5):1200–1205. doi: 10.1053/gast.1996.v111.pm8898633.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farre R, Fornari F, Blondeau K, et al. Acid and weakly acidic solutions impair mucosal integrity of distal exposed and proximal non-exposed human oesophagus. Gut. 2010;59(2):164–169. doi: 10.1136/gut.2009.194191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang M, Dettmar P, Batchelor H. Bioadhesive oesophageal bandages: protection against acid and pepsin injury. Int J Pharm. 2005;292(1-2):169–177. doi: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2004.11.039.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volpi N. Anti-inflammatory activity of chondroitin sulphate: new functions from an old natural macromolecule. Inflammopharmacology. 2011;19(6):299–306. doi: 10.1007/s10787-011-0098-0.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Volpi N, Schiller J, Stern R, et al. Role, metabolism, chemical modifications and applications of hyaluronan. Curr Med Chem. 2009;16(14):1718–1745. doi: 10.2174/092986709788186138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Palmieri B, Corbascio D, Capone S, et al. Preliminary clinical experience with a new natural compound in the treatment of oesophagitis and gastritis: symptomatic effect. Trends Med. 2009;9(4):219–225.
   Google Scholar
• Palmieri B, Merighi A, Corbascio D, et al. Fixed combination of hyaluronic acid and chondroitin-sulphate oral formulation in a randomized double blind, placebo controlled study for the treatment of symptoms in patients with non-erosive gastroesophageal reflux. Eur Rev Med Pharmacol Sci. 2013;17(24):3272–3278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Savarino V, Pace F, Scarpignato C,. Randomised clinical trial: mucosal protection combined with acid suppression in the treatment of non-erosive reflux disease - efficacy of esoxx, a hyaluronic acid-chondroitin sulphate based bioadhesive formulation. Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 2017;45(5):631–642. doi: 10.1111/apt.13914.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Di Simone MP, Baldi F, Vasina V, et al. Barrier effect of esoxx((R)) on esophageal mucosal damage: experimental study on ex-vivo swine model. Clin Exp Gastroenterol. 2012;5:103–107. doi: 10.2147/CEG.S31404.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fass R, Pulliam G, Johnson C, et al. Symptom severity and oesophageal chemosensitivity to acid in older and young patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux. Age Ageing. 2000;29(2):125–130. doi: 10.1093/ageing/29.2.125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aanen MC, Numans ME, Weusten BL, et al. Diagnostic value of the reflux disease questionnaire in general practice. Digestion. 2006;74(3–4):162–168. doi: 10.1159/000100511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Hoeij FB, Weijenborg PW, van den Bergh Weerman MA, et al. Mucosal integrity and sensitivity to acid in the proximal esophagus in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2016;311(1):G117–22. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00134.2016.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijenborg PW, Rohof WO, Akkermans LM, et al. Electrical tissue impedance spectroscopy: a novel device to measure esophageal mucosal integrity changes during endoscopy. Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2013;25(7):574–578. e457-8. doi: 10.1111/nmo.12106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warners MJ, van Rhijn BD, Verheij J, et al. Disease activity in eosinophilic esophagitis is associated with impaired esophageal barrier integrity. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2017;313(3):G230–G238. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00058.2017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arts J, Sifrim D, Rutgeerts P, et al. Influence of radiofrequency energy delivery at the gastroesophageal junction (the stretta procedure) on symptoms, acid exposure, and esophageal sensitivity to acid perfusion in gastroesophagal reflux disease. Dig Dis Sci. 2007;52(9):2170–2177. doi: 10.1007/s10620-006-9695-y.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weijenborg PW, Smout AJ, Verseijden C, et al. Hypersensitivity to acid is associated with impaired esophageal mucosal integrity in patients with gastroesophageal reflux disease with and without esophagitis. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2014;307(3):G323–9. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.00345.2013.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong U, Person EB, Castell DO, et al. Improving high-resolution impedance manometry using novel viscous and super-viscous substrates in the supine and upright positions: a pilot study. J Neurogastroenterol Motil. 2018;24(4):570–576. doi: 10.5056/jnm18010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clarke LL. A guide to ussing chamber studies of mouse intestine. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol. 2009;296(6):G1151–66. doi: 10.1152/ajpgi.90649.2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar