Increased Plasma Levels of Substance P and Disturbed Water Excretion in Patients with Liver Cirrhosis

References

• Arroyo V, Clària J, Saló J, Jiménez W. Antidiuretic hormone and the pathogenesis of water retention in cirrhosis with ascites. Semin Liv Dis 1994;14:44–58.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epstein M. Derangements of renal water handling in liver disease. Gastroenterology 1985;89:1415–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berl T, Anderson RJ, McDonald KM, Schrier RW. Clinical disorders of water metabolism. Kidney Int 1976;10:117–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaamonde CA. Renal water handling in liver disease. In: Epstein M, editor. The kidney in liver disease. 3rd ed. Baltimore (MD): Williams & Wilkins; 1988. p. 31–72.
   Google Scholar
• Schedl HP, Bartter FC. An explanation for and experimental correction of the abnormal water diuresis in cirrhosis. J Clin Invest 1960;39:248–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gatta A, Caregarol L, Angeli P, Merkel C, Menon F, Rondana M, et al. Impaired renal water excretion in liver cirrhosis. The role of reduced distal delivery of sodium. Scand J Gastroenterol 1988;23:523–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Linas SL, Anderson RJ, Guggenheim SJ, Robertson GL, Berl T. Role of vasopressin in impaired water excretion in conscious rats with experimental cirrhosis. Kidney Int 1981;20:173–80.
   Google Scholar
• Camps J, Solà J, Arroyo V, Pérez-Ayuso RM, Gaya J, Rivera F, et al. Temporal relationship between the impairment of free water excretion and antidiuretic hormone hypersecretion in rats with experimental cirrhosis. Gastroenterology 1987;93:498–505.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bichet D, Szatalowicz V, Chaimovitz C, Schrier RW. Role of vasopressin in abnormal water excretion in cirrhotic patients. Ann Intern Med 1982;96:413–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichet DG, Groves BM, Schrier RW. Mechanisms of improvement of water and sodium excretion by immersion in decompensated cirrhotic patients. Kidney Int 1983;24:788–94.
   Google Scholar
• Claria J, Jiménez W, Arroyo V, Guarner F, López C, La Villa G, et al. Blockade of the hydroosmotic effect of vasopressin normalizes water excretion in cirrhotic rats. Gastroenterology 1989;97:1294–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bichet DG, Van Putten VJ, Schrier RW. Potential role of increased sympathetic activity in impaired sodium and water excretion in cirrhosis. N Engl J Med 1982;307:1552–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pérez-Ayuso RM, Arroyo V, Camps J, Rimola A, Gaya J, Costa J, et al. Evidence that renal prostaglandins are involved in renal water metabolism in cirrhosis. Kidney Int 1984;26:72–80.
   Google Scholar
• Jespersen B, Pedersen EB, Madsen M, Christensen P, Eiskjaer H, Leyssac PP, et al. Disturbed relationship between urinary prostaglandin E2 excretion, plasma arginine vasopressin and renal water excretion after oral water loading in early hepatic cirrhosis. Eur J Clin Invest 1988;18:202–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schrier RW, Arroyo V, Bernardi M, Epstein M, Henriksen JH, Rodés J. Peripheral arterial vasodilation hypothesis: a proposal for the initiation of renal sodium and water retention in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1988;8:1151–7.
   Google Scholar
• Cocks TM, Angus JA. Endothelium-dependent relaxation of coronary arteries by noradrenaline and serotonin. Nature 1983; 305:627–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Withrington PG. The actions of two sensory neuropeptides, substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide, on the canine hepatic arterial and portal vascular beds. Br J Pharmacol 1992; 107:296–302.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hortnagl H, Singer EA, Lenz K, Kleinberger G, Lochs H. Substance P is markedly increased in plasma of patients with hepatic coma. Lancet 1984;1:480–4.
   Google Scholar
• Fernández-Rodriguez CM, Prieto J, Quiroga J, Manuel Zozoya J, Andrade A, Núnez M, et al. Plasma levels of substance P in liver cirrhosis: relationship to the activation of vasopressor systems and urinary sodium excretion. Hepatology 1995;21:35–40.
   Google Scholar
• Palmer RMJ, Ashton DS, Moncada S. Vascular endothelial cells synthesize nitric oxide from L arginine. Nature 1988;333:664–6.
   Google Scholar
• Saito R, Nonaka S, Konishi H, Takano Y, Shimohigashi Y, Matsumoto H, et al. Pharmacological properties of the tachykinin receptor subtyte in the endothelial cell and vasodilation. In: Substance P and related peptides. Ann NY Acad Sci 1991; 632:457–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clària J, Jiménez W, Ros J, Asbert M, Castro A, Arroyo V, Rivera F, et al. Pathogenesis of arterial hypotension in cirrhotic rats with ascites: role of endogenous nitric oxide. Hepatology 1992;15:343–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ros J, Jiménez W, Lamas S, Clària J, Arroyo V, Rivera F, et al. Nitric oxide production in arterial vessels of cirrhotic rats. Hepatology 1995;21:554–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Niederberger M, Gines P, Tsai P, Martin PY, Morris K, Weigert A, et al. Increased aortic cyclic guanosine monophosphate concentration in experimental cirrhosis in rats: evidence for a role of nitric oxide in the pathogenesis of arterial vasodilation in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1995;21:1625–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gullner HG, Campbell WB, Pettinger WA. Role of substance P in water homeostasis. Life Sci 1979;24:2351–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pugh RNH, Murray-Lyon IM, Dawson JL, Pietroni MC, Williams R. Transection of the oesophagusbleeding oesophageal varices. Br J Surg 1973;60:646–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ysewljn-Van Brussel KARN, De Leenheer AP. Development and evaluation of a radioimmnoassay for Arg8-vasopressin after extraction with Sep-Pak C18. Clin Chem 1985;31: 861–3.
   Google Scholar
• Yui Y, Kimura M, Itokawa Y, Kawai C. Ultramicro method for the determination of picogram amounts of norepinephrine and epinephrine by high-performance liquid chromatography. J Chromatogr 1979;177:376–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matsubayashi S, Yanaihara C, Yamamoto E, Yanaihara N, Tamai H. Immunoreactive substance P in biological fluid. Clin Endocrinol (in Japanese) 1983;43:521–5.
   Google Scholar
• Greenwood FC, Hunter Wm, Glover JS. The preparation of 131I-labelled human growth hormone of high specific radioactivity. Biochem J 1963;89: 114–123.
   Google Scholar
• Yanaihara C, Sato H, Hirohashi M, Sakagami M, Yamamoto K, Hashimoto T, et al. Substance P radioimmunoassay using N-tyrosyl-substance P and demonstration of the presence of substance P-like immunoreactivities in human blood and porcine tissue extracts. Endocrinol Jpn 1976;23:457–63.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cosby RL, Yee B, Schrier RW. New classification with prognostic value in cirrhotic patients. Miner Electrolyte Metab 1989;15:261–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Gines A, Escorsell A, Ginès P, Saló J, Jiménez W, Inglada L, et al. Incidence, predictive factors, and prognosis of the hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis with ascites. Gastroenterology 1993;105:229–36.
   Google Scholar
• Lancestremere RG, Davidson PL, Earley LE, O’Brien FJ, Papper S. Renal failure in Laennec’s cirrhosis. III. Diuretic response to administered water. J Lab Clin Med 1962;60:967–75.
   Google Scholar
• Kim KE, Onesti G, Ramirez O, Brest AN, Swartz C. Creatinine clearance in renal disease. A reappraisal. Br Med J 1969;4:11–4.
   Google Scholar
• Arroyo V, Gines P, Gerbes AL, Dudley F, Gentilini P, Laffi G, et al. Definition and diagnostic criteria of refractory ascites and hepatorenal syndrome in cirrhosis. Hepatology 1996;23:164–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabemura T, Misawa T, Chijiiwa Y, Nasu T, Nawata H. Substance P, vasoactive intestinal polypeptide, and gastrin catabolism in canine liver and kidney. Dig Dis Sci 1992;37: 1661–5.
   Google Scholar
• Lembeck F, Holzer R, Schweditsch M, Gamse R. Elimination of substance P from the circultion of the rat and its inhibition by bacitracin. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 1978;305: 9–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida T, Ishida K, Suzuku A. An increase in serum substance P levels in rabbit endotoxin shock. Jpn J Gastroenterol (in Japanese) 1986;83:2089.
   Google Scholar
• Clemente C, Bosch J, Rodes J, Arroyo V, Mas A, Maragall S. Functional renal failure and haemorrhagic gastritis associated with endotoxaemia in cirrhosis. Gut 1977;18:556–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McEwan JR, Benjamin N, Larkin S, Fuller RW, Dollery CT, MacIntyre I, et al. Vasodilatation by calcitonin gene-related peptide and by substance P: a comparison of their effects on resistance and capacitance vessels of human forearms. Circulation 1988;77:1072–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar