The Role of the Barostat in Human Research and Clinical Practice

References

• Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Physiologic variations in canine gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat. Am J Physiol 1985; 248: G229–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Gastric tone measured by an electronic barostat in health and postsurgical paresis. Gastroenterology 1987; 92: 934–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toma TP, Zighelboim J, Phillips SF, Talley NJ. Methods for studying intestinal sensitivity and compliance: in vitro studies of balloons and a barostat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1996; 8: 19–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Delvaux M, The Working Team of Glaxo Wellcome Research, UK. Standardization of barostat procedures for testing smooth muscle tone and sensory thresholds in the gastrointestinal tract. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 223–41.
   Google Scholar
• Steadman CJ, Phillips SF, Camilleri M, Haddad AC, Hanson RB. Variation of muscle tone in the human colon. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 373–81.
   Google Scholar
• Steadman CJ, Phillips SF, Camilleri M, Talley NJ, Haddad AC, Hanson RB. Control of muscle tone in the human colon. Gut 1992; 33: 541–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gregersen H, Kassab G. Biomechanics of the gastrointestinal tract. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1996; 8: 277–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roelofs JM, Clemens C, Akkermans LM. Barostat review [letter; comment]. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 1957–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orvar KB, Gregersen H, Christensen J. Biomechanical characteristics of the human esophagus. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 197–205.
   Google Scholar
• Rao SSC, Hayek B, Summers RW. Impedance planimetry: an integrated approach for assessing sensory, active and passive biomechanical properties of the human esophagus. Am J Gastroenterol 1995; 90: 431–8.
   Google Scholar
• Azpiroz F. Gastric tone and the barostat: comprehend and compromise. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1997; 9: 5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Hanson RB. Adrenergic modulation of human colonic and sensory function. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G997–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia NK, Thompson DG, Barlow J, Troncon LE, Hollis S. Relaxation responses of the human proximal stomach to distension during fasting and after food. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: G166–72.
   Google Scholar
• Musial F, Crowell MD. Rectal adaptation to distention: implications for the determination of perception thresholds. Physiol Behav 1995; 58: 1145–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembo T, Plourde V, Shui Z, et al. Effects of the corticotropinreleasing factor (CRF) on rectal afferent nerves in humans. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1996; 8: 9–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz H, Walsh JH, Sytnik B, Mayer EA. The effect of octreotide on human gastric compliance and sensory perception. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1995; 7: 175–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmann G, Gschossmann J, Guerra G, Goebell H, Talley NJ. Perception of gastric distension. Influence of mode of distension on perception thresholds and gastric compliance. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 2673–7.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer HF, Phillips SF, Camilleri M, Hanson RB. Rectal tone, distensibility, and perception: reproducibility and response to different distensions. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: G584–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lembo T, Munakata J, Mertz H, et al. Evidence for the hypersensitivity of lumbar splanchnic afferents in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1686–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ness TJ, Metcalf AM, Gebhart GF. A psychophysiological study in humans using phasic colonic distension as a noxious visceral stimulus. Pain 1990; 43: 377–86.
   Google Scholar
• Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Perception and reflex responses to intestinal distension are modified by simultaneous or previous stimulation. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1742–9.
   Google Scholar
• Serra J, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Modulation of gut perception in humans by spatial summation phenomena. J Physiol 1998; 506: 579–87.
   Google Scholar
• Naliboff B, Mayer EA. Sensational developments in the irritable bowel. Gut 1996; 39: 770–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blanc C, Delvaux M, Maillot C, et al. Distension protocols for evaluation of rectal sensitivity: the simplest, the best? Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A1077.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bouhassira D, Chollet R, Coffin B, et al. Inhibition of a somatic nociceptive reflex by gastric distention in humans. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 985–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin B, Bouhassira D, Chollet R, et al. Effect of the kappa agonist fedotozine on perception of gastric distension in healthy humans. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1996; 10: 919–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton LA, Wych J, Whorwell PJ. Acute diarrhoea induces rectal sensitivity in women but not men. Gut 1995; 37: 270–3.
   Google Scholar
• Hebbard GS, Reid K, Sun WM, Horowitz M, Dent J. Postural changes in proximal gastric volume and pressure measured using a gastric barostat. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1995; 7: 169–74.
   Google Scholar
• Coffin B, Lemann M, Flourie B, Picon L, Rambaud JC, Jian R. Ileal tone in humans: effects of locoregional distensions and eating. Am J Physiol 1994; 267: G569–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin B, Lemann M, Flourie B, Jouet P, Rambaud JC, Jian R. Local regulation of ileal tone in healthy humans. Am J Physiol 1997; 272: G147–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jouet P, Coffin B, Lemann M, et al. Tonic and phasic motor activity in the proximal and distal colon of healthy humans. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: G459–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Isobaric intestinal distension in humans: sensory relay and reflex gastric relaxation. Am J Physiol 1990; 258: G202–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Notivol R, Coffin B, Azpiroz F, Mearin F, Serra J, Malagelada JR. Gastric tone determines the sensitivity of the stomach to distension. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 330–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feinle C, Grundy D, Read NW. Effects of duodenal nutrients on sensory and motor responses of the human stomach to distension. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G721–6.
   Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Crowell MD, Shone D, Davidoff AL, Cheskin L, Schuster MM. Sensitivity to rectal distension: validation of a measurement system. Gastroenterology 1993; 104: A600.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradette M, Delvaux M, Staumont G, Fioramonti J, Bueno L, Frexinos J. Evaluation of colonic sensory thresholds in IBS patients using a barostat. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 449–57.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delvaux M, Louvel D, Lagier E, Fioramonti J, Bueno L, Frexinos J. Reproducibility of sensory thresholds triggered by rectal distension in healthy volunteers. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: A590.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delechenaut P, Weber J, Ducrotte P, Turberg Y, Touchais Y, Denis P. Rectal and vaginal maximum tolerable volumes during menstrual cycle. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1991; 3: 847–9.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jackson NA, Houghton LA, Whorwell PJ, Currer B. Does the menstrual cycle affect anorectal physiology? Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 2607–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ryhammer AM, Laurberg S, Bek KM. Age and anorectal sensibility in normal women. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997; 32: 278–84.
   Google Scholar
• Felt-Bersma RJ, Gort G, Meuwissen SG. Normal values in anal manometry and rectal sensation: a problem of range. Hepatogastroenterology 1991; 38: 444–9.
   Google Scholar
• Akervall S, Nordgren S, Fasth S, Oresland T, Petterson K, Hulten L. The effects of age, gender, and parity on rectoanal function in adults. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990; 25: 1247–56.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ropert A, des Varannes SB, Bizais Y, Roze C, Galmiche JP. Simultaneous assessment of liquid emptying and proximal gastric tone in humans. Gastroenterology 1993; 105: 667–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moragas G, Azpiroz F, Pavia J, Malagelada JR. Relations among intragastric pressure, postcibal perception and gastric emptying. Am J Physiol 1993; 264: G11L2–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ahluwalia NK, Thompson DG, Barlow J. Effect of distension on phasic changes in human proximal gastric tone. Gut 1996; 39: 757–61.
   Google Scholar
• Undelandt KA, Hausken T, Gilja OH, Ropert R, Galmiche JP, Berstad A. Gastric relaxation in response to a soup meal in healthy subjects. A study using the barostat in the proximal stomach. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995; 30: 1069–76.
   Google Scholar
• Ropert A, Cherbut C, Roze C, et al. Colonic fermentation and proximal gastric tone in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 289–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Villanova N, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Perception and gut reflexes induced by stimulation of gastrointestinal thermoreceptors in humans. J Physiol 1997; 502: 215–22.
   Google Scholar
• Villanova N, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Gastrogastric reflexes regulating gastric tone and their relationship to perception. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G464–9.
   Google Scholar
• Parys V, des Varannes SB, Ropert A, Roze C, Galmiche JP. Utilisation d’un barostat electronique pour la mesure de la response motrice de l’estomac proximal a l’alimentation et a differents stimuli nerveux chez l’homme. Gastroenterol Clin Biol 1993; 17: 321–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Perception and reflex relaxation of the stomach in response to gut distention. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1193–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zighelboim J, Talley NJ, Phillips SF. Response of gastric fundus to rectal distension in healthy persons. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 1441–5.
   Google Scholar
• des Varannes SB, Parys V, Ropert A, Chayvaille JA, Roze C, Galmiche JP. Erythromycin enhances fasting and postprandial proximal gastric tone in humans. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 32–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straathof JWA, Naaykens C, Lamers CBHW, Masclee AAM. Effects of vagal cholinergic stimulation on the proximal stomach. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: A1016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thumshim M, Burton DD, Zinsmeister AR, Camilleri M. Modulation fo gastric sensory and motor functions by nitrergic and α2-adrenergic agents. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: A1028.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zacchi P, Mearin F, Malagelada JR. Effect of experimental cold pain stress on gastroesophageal junction. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 641–7.
   Google Scholar
• Coffin B, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Somatic stimulation reduces perception of gut distension. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1636–42.
   Google Scholar
• Meulemans A, Schuurkes J. Intralipid-induced gastric relaxation is mediated via NO. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1995; 7: 151–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mearadji B, Straathof JWA, Lamers CBHW, Masclee AAM. Effect of gastrin on function of the proximal stomach. Gastro enterology 1997; 112: A1016.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Straathof JWA, Mearadji B, Lamers CBHW, Masclee AAM. Effect of cholecystokinin on proximal gastric motor function in humans. Am J Physiol 1998; 274: G939–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mesquita MA, Thompson DG, Troncon LEA, Barlow J, Rovati LC. Effect of cholecystokinin-A receptor blockade on lipid-induced gastric relaxation in humans. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G118–23.
   Google Scholar
• Feinle C, D’Amato M, Read NW. Cholecystokinin-A receptors modulate gastric sensory and motor responses to gastric distension and duodenal lipid. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 1379–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack J, Coulie B, Vos R, Janssens J. Influence of sumatriptan-induced fundic relaxation on the perception of gastric distension. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A517.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulie B, Tack J, Janssens J. Influence of buspirone-induced fundus relaxation on the perception of gastric distension in man. Gastroenterology 1997; 1L2: A1033.
   Google Scholar
• Wilmer A, Coulie B, Tack J, Janssens J. Effects of the 5HT3 receptor antagonist ondansetron on gastric accomodation and on perception of gastric distension after a meal. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A736.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tack J, Broekaert D, Coulie B, Janssens J. Cisapride enhances receptive fundus relaxation in man. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: A1022.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mearin F, Cucala M, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. The origin of symptoms on the brain-gut axis in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 999–1006.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zerbib F, des Varannes SB, Oriola RC, McDonald J, Isal JP, Galmiche JP. Alosetron does not affect the visceral perception of gastric distension in healthy subjects. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1994; 8: 403–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbera R, Feinle C, Read NW. Nutrient-specific modulation of gastric mechanosensitivity in patients with functional dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 1636–41.
   Google Scholar
• Feinle C, Grundy D, Schwizer W, Fried M. Involvement of duodenal receptors in the induction of gastrointestinal sensations by gastric distensions and duodenal lipid. Neurogas-troenterol Motil 1998; 10: 72.
   Google Scholar
• Feinle C, Read NW. Ondansetron reduces nausea induced by gastroduodenal stimulation without changing gastric motility. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: G591–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rouillon JM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Sensorial and intestino-intestinal reflex pathways in the human je junum. Gastroenterology 1991; 101: 1606–12.
   Google Scholar
• Rouillon JM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Reflex changes in intestinal tone: relationship to perception. Am J Physiol 1991; 261: G280–6.
   Google Scholar
• Iovino P, Azpiroz F, Domingo E, Malagelada JR. The sympathetic nervous system modulates perception and reflex responses to gut distention in humans. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 680–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmann G, Neufang-Huber J, Fischer H, Goebell H, Talley J. Influence of the vagal nerve on intestinal mechano-sensory function and intestino-intestinal reflexes in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A1067.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Accarino AM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Attention and distraction: effects on gut perception. Gastroenterology 1997; 113: 415–22.
   Google Scholar
• von der Ohe MR, Hanson RB, Camilleri M. Serotonergic mediation of postprandial colonic tonic and phasic responses in humans. Gut 1994; 35: 536–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford MJ, Camilleri M, Wiste JA, Hanson RB. Differences in colonic tone and phasic response to a meal in the transverse and sigmoid human colon. Gut 1995; 37: 264–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bell AM, Pemberton JH, Hanson RB, Zinsmeister AR. Variations in muscle tone of the human rectum: recordings with an electromechanical barostat. Am J Physiol 1991; 260: G17–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Brien MD, Camilleri M, Thomforde GM, Wiste JA, Hanson RB, Zinsmeister AR. Effect of cholecystokinin octapeptide and atropine on human colonic motility, tone, and transit. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 26–33.
   Google Scholar
• Ngai-Moh L, Bharucha AE. Phasic rectal distension induces colonic realxation in humans. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A740.
   Google Scholar
• Malcolm A, Phillips SF, Camilleri M, Hanson RB. Pharmacological modulation of rectal tone alters perception of distention in humans. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 2073–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford MJ, Camilleri M, Hanson RB, Wiste JA, Joyner MJ. Hyperventilation, central autonomic control and colonic tone in humans. Gut 1995; 37: 499–504.
   Google Scholar
• Bharucha AE, Camilleri M, Ford MJ, O’Connor MK, Hanson RB, Thomforde GM. Hyperventilation alters colonic motor and sensory function: effects and mechanisms in humans. Gastroenterology 1996; 111: 368–77.
   Google Scholar
• Bharucha AE, Novak V, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Hanson RB, Low PA. α2-Adrenergic modulation of colonic tone during hyperventilation. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G1135–40.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Coulie B, Tack J, Gevers A, Janssens J. Influence of sumatriptan-induced colonic relaxation on the perception of colonic distension in man. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: A1040.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coulie B, Tack J, Demedts I, Vos R, Janssens J. Influence of sumatriptan on rectal tone and on the perception of rectal distension in man. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1998; 10: 66.
   Google Scholar
• Hammer J, Phillips SF, Talley NJ, Camilleri M. Effect of a 5HT3-antagonist (ondansetron) on rectal sensitivity and compliance in health and the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7: 543–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von der Ohe MR, Klingenburg S, Goebell H. In vivo modulation of left colonic motor function by a 5HT4 mechanism in healthy humans. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A738.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford MJ, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Hanson RB. Psychosensory modulation of colonic sensation in the human transverse and sigmoid colon. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 1772–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plourde V, Lembo T, Shui Z, et al. Effects of the somatostatin analogue octreotide on rectal afferent nerves in humans. Am J Physiol 1993; 265: G742–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuyvenhoven J, van der Schaar PJ, Lamers CBHW, Masclee AAM. Effect of cholecystokinin on rectal compliance and perception in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A1084.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kavin H, Shivley S. Absence of effect of nicotine on rectal sensation, rectal compliance, and anal sphincter pressures in healthy subjects. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 2239–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmann G, Goebell H, Talley NJ. Functional dyspepsia and irritable bowel syndrome: is there a common pathophysiological basis? Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 954–9.
   Google Scholar
• Costantini M, Sturniolo GC, Zaninotto G, et al. Altered esophageal pain threshold in irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1993; 38: 206–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zighelboim J, Talley NJ, Phillips SF, Harmsen WS, Zinsmeister AR. Visceral perception in irritable bowel syndrome. Rectal and gastric responses to distension and serotonin type 3 antagonism. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 819–27.
   Google Scholar
• Accarino AM, Azpiroz F, Malagelada JR. Selective dysfunction of mechanosensitive intestinal afferents in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 636–43.
   Google Scholar
• Tack J, Coulie B, Piessevaux H, Degreef T, Janssens J. Characteristics of functional dyspepsia patients with impaired postprandial relaxation. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: A128.
   Google Scholar
• Ropert A, Bretagne JF, Lescouarch J, et al. Postprandial gastric tone and sensitivity to gastric distension in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1996; 110: A386.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coffin B, Azpiroz F, Guarner F, Malagelada JR. Selective gastric hypersensitivity and reflex hyporeactivity in functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1345–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmann G, Goebell H, Talley J. Impaired small intestinal peristaltic reflexes and sensory thresholds are independent functional disturbances in patients with chronic unexplained dyspepsia. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 485–91.
   Google Scholar
• Klatt S, Pieramico O, Guethner C, Glasbrenner B, Beckh K, Adler G. Gastric hypersensitivity in nonulcer dyspepsia: an inconsistent finding. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 720–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barbera R, Feinle C, Read NW. Abnormal sensitivity to duodenal lipid infusion in patients with functional dyspepsia. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1995; 7: 1051–7.
   Google Scholar
• Castro A, Mearin F, Malagelada JR. Sensitivity to intraduodenal lipid infusion in patients with dysmotility-like versus ulcer-like functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A585.
   Google Scholar
• Tack J, Coulie B, Degreef T, Janssens J. Influence of sumatriptan on the perception of gastric distension in patients with functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: A856.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vassalo MJ, Camilleri M, Phillips SF, et al. Colonic tone and motility in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Mayo Clin Proc 1992; 67: 725–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembo T, Munakata J, Naliboff B, Fullerton S, Mayer EA. Sigmoid afferent mechanisms in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 1112–20.
   Google Scholar
• Choi MG, Camilleri M, O’Brien MD, Kammer PP, Hanson RB. A pilot study of motility and tone of the left colon in patients with diarrhea due to functional disorders and dysautonomia. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 297–302.
   Google Scholar
• Bradette M, Delvaux M, Staumont G, Fioramonti J, Bueno L, Frexinos J. Octreotide increases thresholds of colonic visceral perception in IBS patients without modifying muscle tone. Dig Dis Sci 1994; 39: 1171–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louvel D, Delvaux M, Felez A, et al. Oxytocin increases thresholds of colonic visceral perception in patients with irritable bowel syndrome [see comments]. Gut 1996; 39: 741–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Louvel D, Delvaux M, Staumont G, et al. Intracolonic injection of glycerol: a model for abdominal pain in irritable bowel syndrome? Gastroenterology 1996; 110: 351–61.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Holtkotter B, Enck P, et al. Tolerance for rectosigmoid distension in irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1990; 98: 1187–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prior A, Read NW. Reduction of rectal sensitivity and postprandial motility by granisetron, a 5-HT3 receptor antagonist, in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1993; 7: 175–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertz H, Naliboff B, Munakata J, Niazi N, Mayer EA. Altered rectal perception is a biological marker of patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1995; 109: 40–52.
   Google Scholar
• Munakata J, Naliboff B, Harraf F, et al. Repetitive sigmoid stimulation induces rectal hyperalgesia in patients with the irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naliboff B, Munakata J, Fullerton S, et al. Evidence for two distinct perceptual alterations in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1997; 41: 505–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lembo T, Fullerton S, Diehl D, et al. Symptom duration in patients with irritable bowel syndrome. Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 898–905.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitehead WE, Crowell MD, Davidoff AL, Palsson OS, Schuster MM. Pain from rectal distension in women with irritable bowel syndrome. Dig Dis Sci 1997; 42: 796–804.
   Google Scholar
• Hasler WL, Soudah HC, Owyang C. Somatostatin analog inhibits afferent response to rectal distension in diarrhea-pred ominant irritable bowel patients. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1994; 268: 1206–11.
   Google Scholar
• Saslow SB, Thumshirn M, Camilleri M, et al. Influence of H. pylori infection on gastric motor and sensory function in asymptomatic volunteers. Dig Dis Sci 1998; 43: 258–64.
   Google Scholar
• Mearin F, de Ribot X, Balboa A, et al. Does Helicobacter pylori infection increase gastric sensitivity in functional dyspepsia? Gut 1995; 37: 47–51.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holtmann G, Talley NJ, Goebell H. Association between H. pylori, duodenal mechanosensory thresholds, and small intestinal motility in chronic unexplained dyspepsia. Dig Dis Sci 1996; 41: 1285–91.
   Google Scholar
• van der Schaar PJ, Vu M, et al. Does Helicobacter pylori associated gastritis influence motor function of the proximal stomach in dyspeptic patients? Gastroenterology 1998; 114: A373.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebbard GS, Sun WM, Dent J, Horowitz M. Hyperglycaemia affects proximal gastric motor and sensory function in normal subjects. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996; 8: 211–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebbard GS, Samsom M, Sun WM, Dent J, Horowitz M. Hyperglycemia affects proximal gastric motor and sensory function during small intestinal triglyceride infusion. Am J Physiol 1996; 271: G814–19.
   Google Scholar
• Sims MA, Hasler WL, Chey WD, Kim MS, Owyang C. Hyperglycemia inhibits mechanoreceptor-mediated gastroco-lonic responses and colonic peristaltic reflexes in healthy humans. Gastroenterology 1995; 108: 350–9.
   Google Scholar
• Maleki D, Camilleri M, Zinsmeister AR, Rizza RA. Effect of acute hyperglycemia on colorectal motor and sensory function in humans. Am J Physiol 1997; 273: G859–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samsom M, Salet GA, Roelofs JM, Akkermans LM, van Berge-Henegouwen GP, Smout AJ. Compliance of the proximal stomach and dyspeptic symptoms in patients with type I diabetes mellitus. Dig Dis Sci 1995; 40: 2037–42.
   Google Scholar
• Undeland KA, Hausken T, Aanderud S, Berstad A. Lower postprandial gastric volume response in diabetic patients with vagal neuropathy. Neurogastroenterol Motil 1997; 9: 19–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wijnhoven BPL, Salet GA, Roelofs JM, Smout AJ, Akkermans LM, Gooszen HG. Function of the proximal stomach after Nissen fundoplication. Br J Surg 1998; 85: 267–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vu M, van der Schaar PJ, Straathof JWA, Lamers CBHW, Masclee AAM. Proximal gastric motor function in reflux disease and after laparoscopic Nissen fundoplication. Neuro-gastroenterol Motil 1998; 10: 108.
   Google Scholar
• Troncon LEA, Thompson DG, Ahluwalia NK, Barlow J, Heggie L. Relations between upper abdominal symptoms and gastric distension abnormalities in dysmotility like functional dyspepsia and after vagotomy. Gut 1995; 37: 17–22.
   Google Scholar
• von der Ohe MR, Camilleri M, Kvols LK, Thomforde GM. Motor dysfunction of the small bowel and colon in patients with the carcinoid syndrome and diarrhea. N Engl J Med 1993; 329: 1073–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• von der Ohe MR, Camilleri M, Kvols LK. A 5HT3 antagonist corrects the postprandial colonic hypertonic response in carcinoid diarrhea. Gastroenterology 1994; 106: 1184–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grotz RL, Pemberton JH, Levin KE, Bell AM, Hanson RB. Rectal wall contractility in healthy subjects and in patients with chronic severe obstipation. Ann Surg 1993; 218: 761–8.
   Google Scholar
• O’Brien MD, Camilleri M, von der Ohe MR, et al. Motility and tone of the left colon in constipation: a role in clinical practice? Am J Gastroenterol 1996; 91: 2532–8.
   Google Scholar
• Bernstein CN, Rollandelli R, Niazi N, et al. Characterization of afferent mechanisms in ileoanal pouches. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 103–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bruninga K, Camilleri M. Colonic motility and tone after spinal cord and cauda equina injury. Am J Gastroenterol 1997; 92: 891–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• AGA. American Gastroenterological Association medical position statement: irritable bowel syndrome. Gastroenterology 1997; 112: 2118–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Houghton LA, Whorwell PJ. Opening the doors of perception in irritable bowel syndrome. Gut 1997; 41: 567–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Andrews PL. Irritable bowel syndrome: just a pain in the butt? Gastroenterology 1994; 107: 1886–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malagelada JR. Disturbed upper gastrointestinal symptoms: an important abnormality? Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1997; 11: 51–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar