Helicobacter pylori 'Test-and-Treat' Strategy for Dyspeptic Patients

References

• Talley NJ, Colins-Jones D, Koch M, Nyren O, Stanghellini V. Functional dyspepsia: a classification with guidelines for diagnosis and management. Gastroenterol Int 1991;4:145–60.
   Google Scholar
• Jones R, Lydeard S. Prevalence of symptoms of dyspepsia in the community. Br Med J 1990;298:30–2.
   Google Scholar
• Jones R, Lydeard S, Hobbs F, Kenkre JE, Williams EI, Jones SJ, et al. Dyspepsia in England and Scotland. Gut 1990;31:401–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drossman DA, Li Z, Andruzzi E, Temple RD, Talley NJ, Thompson WG, et al. U.S. householder survey of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Prevalence, sociodemography, and health impact. Dig Dis Sci 1993;38:1569–80.
   Google Scholar
• Knill-Jones RP. Geographical differences in prevalence of dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26 Suppl 182:17–24.
   Google Scholar
• Rubin GP, Contractor B, Bramble MG. The use of long-term acid suppression therapy. Br J Clin Pract 1995;49:119–20.
   Google Scholar
• Heading RC. Definitions of dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1991;26 Suppl 182:1–6.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dyspepsia Working Party. AGA Meeting, Chicago. Management of dyspepsia: report of a working party. Lancet 1988;1: 576–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bytzer P, Hansen JM, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. Empirical H₂-blocker therapy or prompt endoscopy in management of dyspepsia. Lancet 1994;343:811–6.
   Google Scholar
• Gear MWL, Wilkinson SP. Open-access upper alimentary endoscopy. Br Hosp Med 1989;41:438–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• British Society of Gastroenterology Guidelines in gastroenterology: dyspepsia management guidelines. London: British Society of Gastroenterology; 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Agréus L, Talley N. Challenges in managing dyspepsia in general practice. Br Med J 1997;315:1284–8.
   Google Scholar
• Mansi C, Savarino V, Mela GS, Piccioto A, Raffaella M, Celle G. Are clinical patterns of dyspepsia a valid guideline forappropriate use of endoscopy? A report on 2253 dyspeptic patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1993;88:1011–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bytzer P. Can noninvasive Helicobacter pylori testing save endoscopy? Endoscopy 1997;29:649–51.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bytzer P, Hansen JM, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB, Malchow-Møller A. Predicting endoscopic diagnosis in dyspeptic patients: the value of predictive score models. Scand J Gastroenterol 1997;32:118–25.
   Google Scholar
• Heikinnen M, Pikkarainen P, Akala J, Räsänen H, Julkunen R. Etiology of dyspepsia: four hundred unselected consecutive patients in general practice. Scand J Gastroenterol 1995;30: 519–23.
   Google Scholar
• Johannessen T, Petersen H, Kleveland PM, Dybdahl JH, Sandvik AK, Brenna E, et al. The predictive value of history in dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990;25:689–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bytzer P, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. Prediction of major pathologic conditions in dyspeptic patients referred for endoscopy. A prospective evaluation of a scoring system. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27:987–92.
   Google Scholar
• Talley NJ, Weavere AL, Tesmer DL, Zinsmeister AR. Lack of discriminant value of dyspepsia subgroups in patients with referred for upper endoscopy. Gastroenterology 1993;105: 1378–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johannessen T, Petersen H, Kristensen P, Kleveland PM, Dybdahl J, Sandvik AK, et al. The intensity and variability of symptoms in dyspepsia. Scand J Prim Health Care 1993;11: 50–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Health and Public Policy Committee, American College of Physicians. Endoscopy in the evaluation of dyspepsia. Ann Intern Med 1985;102:266–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ofman JJ, Etchason J, Fullerton S, Kahn KL, Soll AH. Management strategies for Helicobacter pylori-seropositive patients with dyspepsia: clinical and economic consequences. Ann Intern Med 1997;126:280–91.
   Google Scholar
• Bytzer P, Moller Hansen J, Havelund T, Malchow-Moller A, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell O. Predicting endoscopic diagnosis in the dyspeptic patient: the value of clinical judgement. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1996;8:359–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moayyedi P, Clough M, Heminborough E, Chalmers DM, Axon ATR. Open access 13C-urea breath tests (OA13C-UBT): comparisons with and impact on open access endoscopy. Gut 1996;38 Suppl 1:A34.
   Google Scholar
• Reilly TG, Stone D, Poxon V, Elliott TSJ, Walt RP. Helicobacter pylori serology in the investigation of dyspepsia: a general practice based follow-up study. Gut 1996;38 Suppl 1:A65.
   Google Scholar
• Tham TC, McLaughlin N, Hughes DF, Ferguson M, Crosbie JJ, Madden M, et al. Possible role of Helicobacter pylori serology in reducing endoscopy workload. Postgrad Med J 1994;70:809–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mendall MA, Jazrawi RP, Marrero JM, Molineaux N, Levi J, Maxwell JD, et al. Serology for Helicobacter pylori compared with symptom questionnaires in screening before direct access endoscopy. Gut 1995;36:330–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sobala Gm, Crabtree JE, Pentith JA, Rathbone BJ, Shallcross TM, Wyatt JI, et al. Screening dyspepsia by serology to Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1991;338:94–6.
   Google Scholar
• Hawtin PR, Sharpstone D, Treasure J, Fine D, Newell DG. The value of serodiagnosis of Helicobacter pylori in prediction negative gastroscopy. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991;23:23.
   Google Scholar
• Patel P, Khulusi S, Mendall MA, Lloyd R, Jazrawi R, Maxwell JD, et al. Prospective screening of dyspeptic patients by Helicobacter pylori serology. Lancet 1995;346:1315–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins JSA, Bamford KB, Collins BJ, Sloan JM, Moorehead RJ, Love AHG. Predictive values of Helicobacter pylori serology versus endoscopy in young dyspeptic patients. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1990;78:34–5.
   Google Scholar
• Meyer B, Werth B, Beglinger C. Screening for Helicobacter pylori in dyspepsia. Lancet 1991;338:393–4.
   Google Scholar
• Vaira D, Stanghellini V, Menegatti M, Palli D, Corinaldesi R, Miglioli M, et al. Prospective screening of dyspeptic patients by Helicobacter pylori serology: a safe policy? Endoscopy 1997;29:595–601.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The European Helicobacter pylori Study Group. Current European concepts in management of Helicobacter pylori infection. The Maastricht Consensus Report. Gut 1997;41:8–13.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NIH Consensus Conference. Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. JAMA 1994;272:65–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peura D. The report of the digestive Health Initiative International Update Conference on Helicobacter pylori. Gastroenterology 1997;113:S4–8.
   Google Scholar
• Silverstein MD, Petterson T, Talley NJ. Initial endoscopy or empirical therapy with or without testing for Helicobacter pylori for dyspepsia: a decision analysis. Gastroenterology 1996;110:72–83.
   Google Scholar
• Fendrick AM, Chernew ME, Hirth RA, Bloom BS. Alternative management strategies for patients with suspected peptic ulcer disease. Ann Intern Med 1995;123:260–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cutler AF, Havstad S, Ma CK, Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Schubert TT. Accuracy of invasive and noninvasive tests to diagnose Helicobacter pylori infection. Gastroenterology 1995; 109:136–41.
   Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Boixeda D, Martín de Argila C. Why, when and how to treat Helicobacter pylori infection in gastroduodenal ulcer disease? Rev Clin Esp 1996;196:610–21.
   Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg A, Everhart JE. The prevalence of self-reported peptic ulcer in the United States. Am J Public Health 1996; 86:200–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asante M, Mendall MA, Northfield TC. Do most subjects with H. pylori positive dyspepsia have PUD. Gut 1995;37 Suppl 2:A6.
   Google Scholar
• McColl KEL, El-Nujumi A, Murray L, el-Omar E, Gillen D, Dickson A, et al. The Helicobacter pylori breath test: a surrogate marker for peptic ulcer disease in dyspeptic patients. Gut 1997;40:302–6.
   Google Scholar
• Patel P, Mendall MA, Khulusi S, Molineaux N, Levy J, Maxwell JD, et al. Salivary antibodies to Helicobacter pylori: screening dyspeptic patients before endoscopy. Lancet 1994; 344:511–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O’Riordan TG, Tobin A, O’Morain C. Helicobacter pylori infection in elderly dyspeptic patients. Age Ageing 1991;20: 189–92.
   Google Scholar
• Strauss RM, Wang TC, Kelsey PB, Comptdon CC, Ferraro MJ, Perez-Perez G, et al. Association of Helicobacter pylori infection with dyspeptic symptoms in patients undergoing gastroduodenoscopy. Am J Med 1990;89:464–9.
   Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg A. Cost-benefit analysis of testing for Helicobacter pylori in dyspeptic subjects. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91: 1773–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonnenberg A, Delcò F, Inadomi JM. When to eradicate Helicobacter pylori? A decision analytic approach. Gastroenterol Int 1997;10:1–7.
   Google Scholar
• Ebell MH, Warbasse L, Brenner C. Evaluation of the dyspeptic patient: a cost-utility study. J Fam Pract 1997;44:545–55.
   Google Scholar
• Sipponen P, Varis K, Fräki O, Korri UM, Seppalä K, Siurala M. Cumulative 10 year risk of symptomatic duodenal and gastric ulcer in patients with or without chronic gastritis. A clinical follow-up study of 454 outpatients. Scand J Gastroenterol 1990;25: 966–73.
   Google Scholar
• Dooley CP, Cohen H, Fitzgibbons PL. Prevalence of Helicobacter pylori infection and histologic gastritis in asymptomatic persons. N Engl J Med 1989;321:1562–5.
   Google Scholar
• Cullen DJE, Collins J, Christiansen KJ, Epis J, Warren JR, Cullen KJ. Long term risk of peptic ulcer disease in people with Helicobacter pylori infection—a community based study. Gastroenterology 1993;104 Suppl 2:A60.
   Google Scholar
• Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou P, Perez-Perez GI, Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk for duodenal ulcer and gastric ulceration. Ann Intern Med 1994;120:977–81.
   Google Scholar
• Kuipers EJ, Thijs JC, Festen HPM. The prevalence of Helicobacter pylori in peptic ulcer disease. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1995;9 Suppl 2:59–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Boixeda D, Martín de Argila C. Helicobacter pylori and duodenal ulcer: a causal relation or mere association? Rev Clin Esp 1997;197:693–702.
   Google Scholar
• Graham DY, Malaty HM, Go MF. Are there susceptible hosts to Helicobacter pylori infection? Scand J Gastroenterol 1994; 29 Suppl 205:6–11.
   Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ. Helicobacter pylori phenotipes associated with peptic ulceration. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29 Suppl 205:1–5.
   Google Scholar
• Fiocca N, Guglielmetti P, Rossolini A. Cytotoxin production by Campylobacter pylori strains isolated from patients with peptic ulcers and from patients with chronic gastritis only. J Clin Microbiol 1989;27:225–6.
   Google Scholar
• Figura N. Identifiable Helicobacter pylori strains or factors important in the development of duodenal ulcer disease. Helicobacter 1997;2 Suppl 1:S3–8.
   Google Scholar
• Xiang Z, Censini S, Bayeli PF, Telford JL, Figura N, Rappuoli R, et al. Analysis of expression of cagA and vacA virulence factors in 43 strains of Helicobacter pylori reveals that clinical isolates can be divided into two major types and that cagA is not necessary for expression of the vacuolating cytotoxin. Infect Immun 1995;63:94–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sipponen P, Kosunen TU, Valle J, Riihela M, Seppala K. Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis in gastric cancer. J Clin Pathol 1992;45:319–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forman D, Newell DG, Fullerton F, Yarnell JW, Stacey AR, Wald N, et al. Association between infection with Helicobacter pylori and risk of gastric cancer: evidence from a prospective investigation. Br Med J 1991;302:1302–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Vandersteen DP, Chang Y, Vogelman JH, Orentreich N, et al. Helicobacter pylori infection and the risk of gastric carcinoma. N Engl J Med 1991; 325:1127–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nomura A, Stemmermann GN, Chyou PH. Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric carcinoma among Japanese Americans in Hawaii. N Engl J Med 1991;325:1132–5.
   Google Scholar
• Correa P. Is gastric carcinoma an infectious disease? N Engl J Med 1991;325:1170–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eurogast Study Group. An international association between Helicobacter pylori and gastric cancer. Lancet 1993;341:1359–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• International Agency for Research on Cancer, World Health Organization. Infection with Helicobacter pylori. In: Schistosomes, liver flukes and Helicobacter pylori. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer; 1994. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 61. p. 177–214.
   Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Boixeda D, Martín de Argila C. Is gastric cancer an infectious disease? Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1996;88:555–62.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crabtree JE, Wyatt JI, Sobala GM, Miller G, Tompkins DS, Primrose JN, et al. Systemic and mucosal humoral responses to Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer. Gut 1993;34:1339–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hirai M, Azuma T, Ito S, Kato T, Kohli Y, Fujiki N. High prevalence of neutralizing activity to Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin in serum of gastric carcinoma patients. Int J Cancer 1994;56:56–80.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petrolani S, Figura N, Miglio F. High prevalence of serum IgG to Helicobacter pylori cytotoxin-associated protein (CagA) in a country with high gastric cancer rate: The San Marino-Study. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89: 1403.
   Google Scholar
• Lehn N, Lwyh S, Hatz R. Serologic response to Helicobacter pylori and significance of vacuolizing cytotoxic activity of Helicobacter pylori in gastric cancer and MALT lymphoma. Am J Gastroenterol 1994;89:1394.
   Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ, Kobayashi K, Cover TL, Cao P, Feurer ID, Perez- Perez GI. Helicobacter pylori infection in Japanese patients with adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Int J Cancer 1993;55: 799–802.
   Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ, Perez-Perez GI, Kleanthous H, Cover TL, Peek RM, Chyou PH, et al. Infection with Helicobacter pylori strains possessing cagA is associated with an increased risk of developing adenocarcinoma of the stomach. Cancer Res 1995; 55:2111–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacson PG, Spencer J. Is gastric lymphoma an infectious disease? Hum Pathol 1993;24:569–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parsonnet J, Friedman GD, Orentreich N, Vogelman H. Risk for gastric cancer in people with CagA positive or CagA negative Helicobacter pylori infection. Gut 1997;40:297–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Armstrong D. Helicobacter pylori infection and dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1996;31 Suppl 215:38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veldhuyzen van Zanten SJO, Sherman PM. Helicobacter pylori infection as a cause of gastritis, duodenal ulcer, gastric cancer and nonulcer dyspepsia: a systematic overview. Can Med Assoc J 1994;150:177–85.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Talley NJ. A critique of therapeutic trials in Helicobacter pylori positive functional dyspepsia. Gastroenterology 1994; 106:1174–83.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Talley NJ. A relationship between Helicobacter pylori and nonulcer dyspepsia: is there enough data to know? Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 1994;6:567–70.
   Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Boixeda D, Martín de Argila C, García Plaza A. Helicobacter pylori and non-ulcer dyspepsia: a pending matter. Rev Esp Enferm Dig 1998;90:441–53.
   Google Scholar
• Trespi E, Broglin F, Villani L, Luinetti O, Fiocca R, Solcia E. Distinct profiles of gastritis in dyspepsia subgroups. Their different clinical responses to gastritis healing after Helicobacter pylori eradication. Scand J Gastroenterol 1994;29:884–8.
   Google Scholar
• Sheu BS, Lin CY, Lin XZ, Shiesh SC, Yang HB, Chen CY. Long-term outcome of triple therapy in Helicobacter pylorirelated dyspepsia: a prospective controlled assessment. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:441–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lazzaroni M, Bargiggia S, Sangaletti O, Maconi G, Boldorini M, Bianchi Porro G. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori and long-term outcome of functional dyspepsia. A clinical endoscopic study. Dig Dis Sci 1996;41:1589–94.
   Google Scholar
• Gilvarry J, Buckley M, Beattie S. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori affects symptoms in non-ulcer dyspepsia. Acta Gastroenterol Belg 1993;56:49.
   Google Scholar
• Oddsson E, Gudjonsson H, Theodors A. DeNol or DeNol + metronidazole in the treatment of Helicobacter pylori- positive patients with nonulcer dyspepsia: symptomatic response and eradication rate. Scand J Gastroenterol 1992;27 Suppl 190:42.
   Google Scholar
• Petrino R, DiNapoli A, Boero M, Belis D, Bottino P, Chiandussi L. Cure of chronic dyspepsia with eradication of Helicobacter pylori. Ital J Gastroenterol 1991;23 Suppl 2:213.
   Google Scholar
• Petrolani S, Bonvicini F, Brocchi E. Non-ulcer dyspepsia: is there any correlation between clinical symptoms and histo- pathological features? Ital J Gastroenterol 1991;23 Suppl 2:80.
   Google Scholar
• McColl K, Murray L, El-Omar E, Dickson A, El-Nujumi A, Wirz A, et al. Symptomatic benefit from eradicating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1869–74.
   Google Scholar
• Drossman DA, Thompson WG, Talley NJ, Funch-Jensen P, Janssens J, Whitehead WE. Identification of sub-groups of functional gastrointestinal disorders. Gastroenterol Int 1990;3: 159–72.
   Google Scholar
• Elta GH, Scheiman JM, Barnett JL, Nostrant TT, Behler EM, Crause I, et al. Long-term follow-up of Helicobacter pylori treatment in non-ulcer dyspepsia patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1995;90:1089–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum AL, Talley N, O’Morain C, Veldhuyzen van Zanten S, Labenz J, Stolte M, et al. Lack of effect of treating Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with nonulcer dyspepsia. N Engl J Med 1998;339:1875–81.
   Google Scholar
• Talley NJ, Janssens J, Lauritsen K, Rácz Y, Bolling-Sternevald E. Eradication of Helicobacter pylori in functional dyspepsia: randomised double blind placebo controlled trial with 12 months’ follow up. Br Med J 1999;318: 833–7.
   Google Scholar
• Bell GD, Powell KU, Burridge SM. Experience with ‘triple’ anti-Helicobacter pylori eradication therapy: side effects and importance of testing the pre-treatment bacterial isolate for metronidazole resistance. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 1992;6: 427–31.
   Google Scholar
• Cayla R, Zerbib F, Talbi P, Megraud F, Lamouliatte H. Pre and post-treatment clarithromycin resistance of Helicobacter pylori strains: a key factor of treatment failure. Gut 1995;37 Suppl 2:A152.
   Google Scholar
• López-Brea M, Domingo D, Sánchez I, Alarcon T. Evolution of resistance to metronidazole and clarithromycin in Helicobacter pylori clinical isolates from Spain. J Antimicrob Chemother 1997;40:279–81.
   Google Scholar
• Graham DY. Patients, payers, and paradigm shifts: what to do about Helicobacter pylori. Am J Gastroenterol 1996;91:188–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia HHX, Talley NJ. Helicobacter pylori infection, reflux esophagitis, and atrophic gastritis: an unexplored triangle. Am J Gastroenterol 1998;93:394–400.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lee JM, O’Morain CA. Different management for Helicobacter pylori positive and negative patients with gastro-oesophageal reflux disease? Gut 1998;43 Suppl 1:S14–20.
   Google Scholar
• Williams B, Luckas M, Ellingham JHM, Dain A, Wicks ACB. Do young patients with dyspepsia need investigation? Lancet 1988;2:1349–51.
   Google Scholar
• Olearchyk AS. Gastric carcinoma. A critical review of 243 cases. Am J Gastroenterol 1978;70: 25–45.
   Google Scholar
• Morrissey JF. The diagnosis of early gastric cancer. A survey of experience in the United States. Gastrointest Endosc 1976; 23:13–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kahn KL, Greenfield S. The efficacy of endoscopy in the evaluation of dyspepsia. A review of the literature and development of a sound strategy. J Clin Gastroenterol 1986; 8:346–58.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Nyren O, Adami H, Gustavsson S, Loof L, Nyberg A. Social and economic effects of non-ulcer dyspepsia. Scand J Gastroenterol 1985;209 Suppl 109:41–7.
   Google Scholar
• Zar S, Mendall MA. Clinical practice—strategies for management of dyspepsia. Br Med Bull 1998;54:217–28.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stanghellini V, Tosetti C, Barbara G, Salvioli B, De Giorgio R, Corinaldesi R. Management of dyspeptic patients by general practitioners and specialists. Gut 1998;43 Suppl 1:S21–3.
   Google Scholar
• Duggan A, Elliott C, Logan RPH, Hawkey C, Logan RFA. Does ‘near patient’ H. pylori testing in primary care reduce referral for endoscopy? Results from a randomised trial. Gut 1998;42 Suppl 1:A82.
   Google Scholar
• Blaser MJ. Not all Helicobacter pylori strains are created equal: should all be eliminated? Lancet 1997;349:1020–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gisbert JP, Pajares JM, Losa C. Helicobacter pylori and gastroesophageal reflux disease. Friends or foes? Hepatogastroenterology 1999;46:1023–9.
   Google Scholar
• Werdmuller BFM, Loffeld RJLF. Helicobacter pylori infection has no role in the pathogenesis of reflux esophagitis. Dig Dis Sci 1997;42:103–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labenz J, Blum AL, Bayerdörffer E, Meining A, Stolte M, Börsch G. Curing Helicobacter pylori infection in patients with duodenal ulcer may provoke reflux esophagitis. Gastroenterology 1997;112:1442–7.
   Google Scholar
• Labenz J, Tillenburg B, Peitz U, Börsch G, Idström JP, Verdú W, et al. Efficacy of omeprazole one year after cure of Helicobacter pylori infection in duodenal ulcer patients. Am J Gastroenterol 1997;92:576–81.
   Google Scholar
• Hesketh PJ, Clapp RW, Doos WG, Spechler SJ. The increasing frequency of adenocarcinoma of the esophagus. Cancer 1989; 64:526–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pauker SG, Kassirer JP. Decision analysis. N Engl J Med 1987; 316:250–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moayyedi P, Mason J, Zilles A, Azon ATR, Chalmers DM, Drummond MF. Screening and treating for H. pylori—is it cost-effective in clinical practice? Gut 1998;43 Suppl 2:A114.
   Google Scholar
• Tytgat GNJ. Treatment of Helicobacter pylori infection: management of patients with ulcer disease by general practitioners and gastroenterologists. Gut 1998;43 Suppl 1:S24–6.
   Google Scholar
• Jones RH. A Helicobacter test and treat strategy: costs and outcomes in a randomised controlled trial in primary care. Gut 1998;42 Suppl 1:A81.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lassen AT, Pedersen FM, Bytzer P, Schaffalitzky de Muckadell OB. H. pylori ‘test and treat’ or prompt endoscopy for dyspeptic patients in primary acre. A randomized controlled trial of two management strategies: one year follow-up. Gastroenterology 1998;114:A196.
   Google Scholar
• Heaney A, Collins JSA, Watson RGP, McFarland RJ, Bamford KB, Tham TCK. A prospective randomised trial of a ‘test and treat’ policy versus gastroscopy in young H. pylori positive dyspeptic patients. Gastroenterology 1998;114:A147.
   Google Scholar
• Graham DY. The only good Helicobacter pylori is a dead Helicobacter pylori. Lancet 1997;350:70–1.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar