Analysis of HIV-1 Genetic Subtypes in Finland Reveals Good Correlation Between Molecular and Epidemiological Data

REFERENCES

• Korber B, Hahn BH, Foley B, Mellors JW, Leitner T, Myers G, et al. (ed.). Human retroviruses and AIDS: a compilation and analysis of nucleic acid and amino acid sequences. Los Alamos, NM: Theoretical Biology and Biophysics Group, Los Alamos National Laboratory; 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Louwagie J, McCutchan FE, Peeters M, Brennan TP, Sanders- Buell E, Eddy GA, et al. Phylogenetic analysis of gag genes from 70 international HIV-1 isolates provides evidence for multiple genotypes. AIDS 1993; 7: 769–80.
   Google Scholar
• De Leys R, Vanderborght B, Vanden Haesevelde M, Heyn- drickx L, Van Geel A, Wauters C, et al. Isolation and partial characterization of an unusual human immunodeficiency retrovirus from two persons of West-Central African origin. J Virology 1990; 64: 1207–16.
   Google Scholar
• Simon F, Mauclere P, Roques P, Loussert-Ajaka I, Muller- Trutwin MC, Saragosti S, et al. Identification of a new human immunodeficiency virus type 1 distinct from group M and group O. Nat Med 1998; 4: 1032–7.
   Google Scholar
• UNAIDS/WHO/NIID. AIDS vaccine research in Asia: needs and opportunities. AIDS 1999; 13: 1–12.
   Google Scholar
• Chaix M-L, Chappey C, Couillin I, Rozenbaum W, Levy J-P, Saragosti S. Diversity of the V3 region of HIV in Paris, France. AIDS 1993; 7: 199–204.
   Google Scholar
• Rojas JM, Dopazo J, Najera I, Sanchez-Palomino S, Olivares I, Martin MJ, et al. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 in Madrid. Virus Res 1994; 31: 331–42.
   Google Scholar
• Ou C-Y, Takebe Y, Weniger BG, Luo C-C, Kalish ML, Auwanit W, et al. Independent introduction of two major HIV-1 genotypes into distinct high-risk populations in Thailand. Lancet 1993; 341: 1171–4.
   Google Scholar
• Apetrei C, Descamps D, Panzaru C, Duca MC, Simon F, Brun-Vezinet F. Plasma HIV-1 load and nosocomial transmission in Romanian children. AIDS 1995; 9: 977.
   Google Scholar
• Bobkov A, Cheingsong-Popov R, Garaev M, Rzhaninova A, Kaleebu P, Beddows S, et al. Identification of an env G subtype and heterogeneity of HIV-1 strains in the Russian Federation and Belarus. AIDS 1994; 8: 1649–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bobkov A, Cheingsong-Popov R, Selimova L, Ladnaya L, Kazennova E, Kravchenko A, et al. An HIV-1 epidemic among injecting drug users in the former Soviet Union caused by a homogenous subtype A strain. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1997; 13: 1195–201.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salminen M. Rapid and simple characterization of in vivo HIV-1 sequences using solid-phase direct sequencing. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8: 1733–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salminen MO, Carr JK, Robertson DL, Hegerich P, Gotte D, Koch C, et al. Evolution and probable transmission of intersubtype recombinant human immunodeficiency virus type 1 in a Zambian couple. J Virol 1997; 71: 2647–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laukkanen T, Liitsola K, Salminen M, Leinikki P. HIV-1 D subtype viruses in Finland. Clin Diagn Virol 1996; 5: 205–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Salminen M, Nykanen A, Brummer-Korvenkontio H, Kantanen ML, Liitsola K, Leinikki P. Molecular epidemiology of HIV-1 based on phylogenetic analysis of in vivo gag p7/p9 direct sequences. Virology 1993; 195: 185–94.
   Google Scholar
• Carr JK, Salminen MO, Albert J, Sanders-Buell E, Gotte D, Birx DL, et al. Full genome sequences of human immunodeficiency virus type 1 subtypes G and A/G intersubtype recombinants. Virology 1998; 247: 22–31.
   Google Scholar
• Salminen MO, Koch C, Sanders-Buell E, Ehrenberg PK, Michael NL, Carr JK, et al. Recovery of virtually full-length HIV-1 provirus of diverse subtypes from primary virus cultures using the polymerase chain reaction. Virology 1995; 213: 80–6.
   Google Scholar
• Felsenstein J. Phylogenies from molecular sequences: inference and reliability. Ann Rev Genet 1988; 22: 521–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitch WM, Margoliash E. Construction of phylogenetic trees. Science 1967; 155: 279–84.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lole KS, Bollinger RC, Paranjape RS, Gadkari D, Kulkarni SS, Novak NG, et al. Full-length human immunodeficiency virus type 1 genomes from subtype C- infected seroconverters in India, with evidence of intersubtype recombination. J Virol 1999; 73: 152–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang SY, Bowman BH, Weiss JB, Garcia RE, White TJ. The origin of HIV-1 isolate HTLV-IIIB. Nature 1993; 363: 466± 9.
   Google Scholar
• Kuiken CL, Cornelissen MTE, Zorgdrager F, Hartman S, Gibbs AJ, Goudsmit J. Consistent risk group-associated differences in human immunodeficiency virus type 1 vpr, vpu and V3 sequences despite independent evolution. J Gen Virol. 1996; 77: 783–92.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lukashov VV, Op de Coul EL, Coutinho RA, Goudsmit J. HIV-1 strains specific for Dutch injecting drug users in heterosexually infected individuals in The Netherlands. AIDS 1998; 12: 635–41.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Janssens W, Heyndrickx L, Fransen K, Temmerman M, Leonaers A, Ivens T, et al. Genetic variability of HIV type 1 in Kenya. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1994; 10: 1577–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zachar V, Goustin AS, Zacharova V, Hager H, Koppelhus U, Womble DD, et al. Genetic polymorphism of envelope V3 region of HIV type 1 subtypes A, C, and D from Nairobi, Kenya. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1996; 12: 75–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van Harmelen JH, Van der Ryst E, Loubser AS, York D, Madurai S, Lyons S, et al. A predominantly HIV type 1 subtype C-restricted epidemic in South African urban populations. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1999; 15: 395–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ou C-Y, Takebe Y, Luo C-C, Kalish M, Auwanit W, Bandea C, et al. Wide distribution of two subtypes of HIV-1 in Thailand. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 1992; 8: 1471–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• UNAIDS/WHO. Report on the global HIV/AIDS epidemic. 1998; June.
   Google Scholar
• Kantanen ML, Koskela P, Leinikki P. Unlinked anonymous HIV screening of pregnant woman in a low-prevalence population. Scand J Infect Dis 1996; 28: 3–7.
   Google Scholar
• Alaeus A, Leitner T, Lidman K, Albert J. Most HIV-1 genetic subtypes have entered Sweden. AIDS 1997; 11: 199–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fransen K, Buvé A, Nkengasong JN, Laga M, van der Groen G. Longstanding presence in Belgians of multiple non-B HIV-1 subtypes. Lancet 1996; 347: 1403.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clewley JP, Arnold C, Barlow KL, Grant PR, Parry JV. Diverse HIV-1 genetic subtypes in UK. Lancet 1996; 347: 1487.
   Google Scholar