Prevalence of Penicillin Non-susceptible Invasive Pneumococcal Disease in the Elderly in Scotland, 1992-99

References

• Butler JC, Schuchat A. Epidemiology of pneumococcal infections in the elderly. Drugs Aging 1999; 15: 11–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breiman R, Spika J, Navarro V, Darden PM, Darby CP. Pneumococcal bacteremia in Charleston County, South Carolina a decade later. Arch Intern Med 1990; 150: 1401–5.
   Google Scholar
• Bennett N, Buffington J, LaForce M. Pneumococcal bacteraemia in Monroe County, New York. Am J Public Health 1992; 82: 1513–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plouffe JF, Breiman RF, Facklam RR, et al. Bacteraemia with Streptococcus pneumoniae: implications for therapy and prevention. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 275: 194–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones R, Pfaller M. Bacterial resistance: a worldwide problem. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998; 31: 379–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedland I, McCracken G. Management of infections caused by antibiotic-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. N Engl J Med 1994; 331: 377–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collingnon PJ, Turnidge JD. Antibiotic resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae. Med J Aust (Suppl) 2000; 173: S58–64.
   Google Scholar
• Klugman K. Pneumococcal resistance to antibiotics. Clin Microbiol Rev 1990; 3: 171–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler JC, Cetron MS. Pneumococcal drug resistance: the new “special enemy of old age”. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 28: 730–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Information and Statistic Division. Scottish Health Statistic 1998. Edinburgh, UK: Information and Statistic Division, 1999.
   Google Scholar
• Smart L. Serotying of Streptococcus pneumoniae strains by coagglutination. J Clin Pathol 1986; 39: 328–31.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• NCCLS. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 10th informational supplement. NCCLS document M100-S10. Villanova, PA: NCCLS, 2000.
   Google Scholar
• Lagos R, Levine M. Prospective, population-based surveillance for ambulatory invasive pneumococcal disease in children in Santiago, Chile. 2nd International Symposium on Pneumococci and Pneumococcal Disease, Sun City, South Africa, 2000: Abstract 026.
   Google Scholar
• Butler J, Hofmann J, Cetron M, Elliott J, Facklam R, Breiman R. The continued emergence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States: an update from the Centres for Disease Control and Prevention’s Pneumococcal Sentinel System. J Infect Dis 1996; 174: 986–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feikin DR, Schuchat A, Kolczak M, Barrett NL, Harrison LH, Lefkowitz L, et al. Mortality from invasive pneumococcal pneumonia in the era of antibiotic resistance, 1995–1997. Am J Public Health 2000; 90: 223–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Metlay JP, Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Fine MJ, Farley MM, Whitney C, et al. Impact of penicillin susceptibility on medical outcomes for adult patients with bacteremic pneumococcal pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 520–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernigan D, Cetron M, Breiman R. Minimizing the impact of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae (DRSP): a strategy from the DRSP Working Group. J Am Med Assoc 1996; 275: 206–9.
   Google Scholar
• McGee L, McDougal L, Zhou J, Spratt BG, Tenover FC, George R, et al. Nomenclature of major antimicrobial-resistant clones of Streptococcus pneumoniae defined by the pneumococcal molecular epidemiology network. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 2565–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parais MM, Ramilo O, McCracken GH. Management of meningitis caused by penicillin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1995; 39: 2171–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• John C. Treatment failure with use of a third generation cephalosporin for penicillin-resistant pneumococcal meningitis: case report and review. Clin Infect Dis 1994; 18: 188–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mufson M. Clinical aspects and importance of pneumococcal infections. Pathol Biol 1979; 27: 519–23.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Craig AS, Erwin PC, Schaaffner W, Elliott JA, Moore WL, Ussery XT, et al. Carriage of multi-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae and impact of chemoprophylaxis during an outbreak of meningitis at a day care center. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1257–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann J, Cetron MS, Farley MM, Baughman WS, Facklam RR, Elliott JA, et al. The prevalence of drug-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae in Atlanta. N Engl J Med 1995; 333: 481–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghaffar F, Friedland IR, McCracken GH. Dynamics of nasopharyngeal colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1999; 18: 638–46.
   Google Scholar
• Black S, Shinefield H, Fireman B, Lewis E, Ray P, Hansen JR, et al. Efficacy, safety and immunogenecity of heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in children. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2000; 19: 187–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mbelle N, Huebner RE, Wasas AD, Kimura A, Chang I, Klugman K. Immunogenecity and impact on nasopharyngeal carriage of a nonavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine. J Infect Dis 1999; 180: 1171–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• MMWR. Prevention of pneumococcal disease: recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunisation Practices (ACIP). MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 1997; 46 (RR-8): 1–24.
   Google Scholar
• Butler JC, Dowell SF, Breiman RF. Epidemiology of emerging pneumococcal resistance: implications for treatment and prevention. Vaccine 1998; 16: 1693–7.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald P, Friedman E, Banks A, Anderson R, Carman V. Pneumococcal vaccine campaign based in general practice. Br Med J 1997; 314: 1094–8.
   Google Scholar
• Fedson DS. Pneumococcal vaccination in the United States and 20 other developed countries. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 1117–23.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar