Recurrent Mycobacterium xenopi infection in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis receiving etanercept

References

• Schwabacher H. A strain of mycobacterium isolated from skin lesions of a cold-blooded animal, xenopus laevis, and its relation to atypical acid-fast bacilli occurring in man. J Hyg (Lond) 1959; 57: 57–67.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donnabella V, Salazar-Schicchi J, Bonk S, Hanna B, Rom WN. Increasing incidence of Mycobacterium xenopi at Bellevue hospital: an emerging pathogen or a product of improved laboratory methods? Chest 2000; 118(5): 1365–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jiva TM, Jacoby HM, Weymouth LA, Kaminski DA, Portmore AC. Mycobacterium xenopi: innocent bystander or emerging pathogen? Clin Infect Dis 1997; 24: 226–32.
   Google Scholar
• Miller WC, Perkins M, Richardson WJ, Sexton D. Pott’s disease caused by Mycobacterium xenopi: case report and review. Clin Infectious Dis 1994; 19: 1024–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prigogine T, Stoffels G, Fauville-Dufaux M, Trolin C, Raftopoulos C. Primary psoas muscle abscess due to Mycobacterium xenopi. Clin Infectious Dis 1998; 26: 221–2.
   Google Scholar
• Zenone T, Boibieux A, Tigaud S, Fredenucci JF, Vincent V, Chidac C, Peyramond D. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial tenosynovitis: a review. Scand J Infectious Dis 1999; 31(3): 221–8.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kelly M, Thibert L, Sinave C. Septic arthritis in the knee due to Mycobacterium xenopi in a patient undergoing dialysis. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29(5): 1342–3.
   Google Scholar
• Clark JE, Abinum M, Flood TJ, Cant AJ. Mycobacterium xenopi osteomyelitis. Pediatr Infect Dis J 1997; 16(10): 1011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kulasegaram R, Richardson D, Macrae B, de Ruiter A. Mycobacterium xenopi osteomyelitis in a patient on highly active antiretroviral therapy (HAART). Int J STD AIDS 2001; 12(6): 404–6.
   Google Scholar
• Froideveaux D, Claudepierre P, Brugieres P, Larget-Piet B, Chevalier X. Iatrogenically induced spondylodiskitis due to Mycobacterium xenopi in an immunocompetent patient. Clin Infect Dis 1996; 22(4): 723–4.
   Google Scholar
• Telgt DS, van den Hoogen FH, Meis JF, Lemmens JA, van de Putte LB. Arthritis and spondylodisckitis caused by Mycobacterium xenopi in a patient with systemic lupus erythematosus. Br J Rheumatol 1997; 36(9): 1025–6.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prosser AJ. Spinal infection with Mycobacterium xenopi. Tubercle 1986; 67(3): 229–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Danesh-Clough T, Theis JC, van der Linden A. Mycobacterium xenopi infection of the spine: a case report and literature review. Spine 2000; 25(5): 626–8.
   Google Scholar
• Astagneau P, Desplaces N, Vincent V, Chicheportiche V, Botherel A, Maugat S, et al. Mycobacterium xenopi spinal infections after discovertebral surgery: investigation and screening of a large outbreak. Lancet 2001; 358(9283): 747–511.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telenti A, Marchesi F, Balz M, Bally F, Bottger EC, Bodmer T. Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by polymerase chain reaction and restriction enzyme analysis. J Clin Microbiol 1993; 31(2): 175–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Devallois A, Goh KS, Rastrogi N. Rapid identification of mycobacteria to the species level by PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of the hsp65 gene and proposition of an algorithm to differentiate 34 mycobacterial species. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35: 2969–73.
   Google Scholar
• Da Silva Rocha A, Werneck Barreto AM, Dias Campos CE, Villas-Boas da Silva M, Fonseca L, Saad MH, et al. Novel allelic variants of mycobacteria isolated in Brazil as determined by PCR-restriction enzyme analysis of hsp65. J Clin Microbiol 2002; 40: 4191–6.
   Google Scholar
• Taylor TB, Patterson C, Hale Y, and Safranek WW Routine use of PCR-restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis for identification of mycobacteria growing in liquid media. J Clin Microbiol 1997; 35:79–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks J, Cook J, Pringle JA. Bone abscess due to Mycobacterium xenopi. Tubercle 1975; 56(2): 157–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Feyen J, Martens M, Mulier JC. Infection of the knee joint with Mycobacterium xenopi. Clinical Orthopedics and Related Research 1983; 179: 189–90.
   Google Scholar
• Yuen K, Fam AG, Simor A. Mycobacterium xenopi arthritis. J Rheumatology 1998; 25(5): 1016–8.
   Google Scholar
• Libbrecht E, Bressieux JM, Chelius P, Roger M, Eloy C, Rezzouk L, Fur A. Mycobacterium xenopi osteoarthritis of the ankle in a patient followed for psoriatic rheumatism. Presse Medicale 2000; 29(10): 539–40.
   Google Scholar
• Banks J, Hunter AM, Campbell IA, Jenkins PA, Smith AP Pulmonary infection with Mycobacterium xenopi: review of treatment and response. Thorax 1984; 39: 376–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Journal of Respiratory and Critical Care Medicine 1997; 156(2):S1–25. Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. The official statement of the American Thoracic Society was approved by the board of directors, March 1997.
   Google Scholar
• Heginbothom ML. The relationship between the in vitro drug susceptibility of opportunist mycobacteria and their in vivo response to treatment. Int J Tuberculosis & Lung Dis 2001; 5(6): 539–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemper CA, Meng TC, Nussbaum J, Chin J, Feigal DF, Bartok AE, et al. Treatment of Mycobacterium avium complex in AIDS with a 4-drug oral regimen: rifampin, ethambutol, clofazimine, and ciprofloxacin. The California Collaborative Treatment Group. Annals of Internal Medicine 1992; 116(6): 466–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pierce M, Crampton S, Henry D, Heifets L, LaMarca A, Montecalvo M, et al. A randomized trial of clarithromycin as prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex infection in patients with advanced acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 384–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Havlir DV, Dube MP, Sattler FR, Focthal DN, Kemper CA, Danne MW, Parenti DM, Lavelle JP, White AC Jr, Witt MD, Bozette SA, McCutchan JA. Prophylaxis against disseminated Mycobacterium avium complex with weekly azithromycin, daily rifabutin, or both. New Engl J Med 1996; 335: 392–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schmitt H, Schnitzler N, Riehl J, Adam G, Sieberth HG, Haase G. Successful treatment of pulmonary mycobacterium xenopi infection in a natural killer cell-deficient patient with clarithromycin, rifabutin, and sparfloxacin. Clin Inf Dis 1999; 29: 120–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche B, Rozenberg S, Cambau E, Deplaces N, et al. Efficacy of combined clarithromycin and sparfloxacin therapy in a patient with diskitis due to Mycobacterium xenopi [letter]. Rev Rheumat Engl Ed 1997; 64: 64–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Criscione L, St. Clair EW. Tumor necrosis factor-a antagonists for the treatment of rheumatic diseases. Current Opinion in Rheumatology 2002; 14: 204–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baghai M, Osmon DR, Wolk DM, Wold LE, Haidukewych GJ, Matteson EL. Fatal sepsis in a patient with rheumatoid arthritis treated with etanercept. Mayo Clin Proc 2001; 76(6): 653–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips K, Husni ME, Karlson EW, Coblyn JS. Experience with etanercept in an academic medical center: are infection rates increased? Arthritis & Rheumatism (Arthritis Care & Research) 2002; 47: 17–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar