610
Views
135
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Successful management of severe group A streptococcal soft tissue infections using an aggressive medical regimen including intravenous polyspecific immunoglobulin together with a conservative surgical approach

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 166-172 | Received 22 Sep 2004, Accepted 30 Nov 2004, Published online: 08 Jul 2009

References

  • Low DE, Schwartz B, McGeer A. The re-emergance of severe group A streptococcal disease: an evolutionary perspective. In: Scheld WM, Armstrong D, Hughes JM, editors. Emerging infections, Vol 7. Washington, DC: ASM Press; 1997. p. 93�123.
  • Kaul R, McGeer A, Low DE, Green K, Schwartz B, Ontario group A streptococcal study group, Simor E. Population-based surveillance for group A streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis: clinical features, prognostic indicators, and microbiological analysis of 77 cases. Am J Med 1997;103: 18�24.
  • Watanabe-Ohnishi R, Low DE, McGeer A, Stevens DL, Schlievert PM, Newton D, et al. Selective depletion of V beta-bearing T-cells in patients with severe invasive group A streptococcal infections and streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Ontario Streptococcal Study Project. J Infect Dis 1995;171:74�84.
  • Michie C, Scott A, Cheesbrough J, Beverley P, Pasvol G. Streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome: evidence of superantigen activity and its effects on T-lymphocyte subsets in vivo. Clin Exp Immunol 1994;98:140�4.
  • Norrby-Teglund A, Thulin P, Gan BS, Kotb M, McGeer A, Andersson J, Low DE. Evidence for superantigen involvement in severe group A streptococcal tissue infection. J Infect Dis 2001;186:853�60.
  • Kotb M, Norrby-Teglund A, McGeer A, Dorak MK, Khurshid A, El-Shirbini H, et al. Immunogenetic and molecular basis for the differences in outcomes of invasive group A streptococcal infections. Nat Med 2002;8:1398�404.
  • Kotb M. Superantigens of Gram-positive bacteria: structure-function analyses and their implications for biological activity. Curr Opin Microbiol 1998;1:56�65.
  • Herwald H, Cramer H, M�rgelin M, Russell W, Sollenberg U, Norrby-Teglund A, et al. M protein, a classical bacterial virulence determinant, forms complexes with fibrinogen that induce vascular leakage. Cell 2004;116:367�79.
  • Kaul R, McGeer A, Norrby-Teglund A, Kotb M, Schwartz B, O�Rourke K, et al. and the Canadian streptococcal study group. Intravenous immunoglobulin therapy for streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a comparative observational study. Clin Infect Dis 1999;28:800�7.
  • Darenberg J, Ihendyane N, Sj�lin J, Aufwerber E, Haidl S, Follin P, et al. and the StreptIg Study Group. Intravenous immunoglobulin G therapy in streptococcal toxic shock syndrome: a European randomized double-blind placebocontrolled trial. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:333�40.
  • Norrby-Teglund A, Low DE, Kotb M. Intravenous immunoglobulin adjunctive therapy in patients with streptococcal toxic shock syndrome and necrotizing fasciitis. In: Kotb M, Calandra T, editors. Cytokines and chemokines in infectious diseases handbook. New Jersey: Humana Press; 2003. p. 409�23.
  • Bisno AL, Stevens DL. Streptococcal infections of skin and soft tissues. N Engl J Med 1996;334:240�5.
  • Stevens DL. Streptococcal toxic shock syndrome associated with necrotizing fasciitis. Ann Rev Med 2000;51:271�88.
  • Stamenkovic I, Lew PD. Early recognition ofpotentially fatal necrotizing fasciitis: the use of frozen-section biopsy. N Engl J Med 1984;28:1689�93.
  • Freischlag JA, Ajalat G, Busuttil RW. Treatment of necrotizing soft tissue infections: the need for a new approach. Am J Surg 1985;149:751�5.
  • Pessa ME, Howard RJ. Necrotizing fasciitis. Surg Gynecol Obstet 1985;161:357�61.
  • McHenry CR, Piotrowski JJ, Petrinic D, Malangoni MA. Determinants of mortality for necrotizing soft-tissue infections. Ann Surg 1995;221:558�63.
  • Lille ST, Sato TT, Engrav LH, Foy H, Jurkovich GJ. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: obstacles in diagnosis. J Am Coll Surg 1996;182:7�11.
  • Ward RG, Walsh MS. Necrotizing fasciitis: 10 years� experience in a district general hospital. Br J Surg 1991;78: 488�9.
  • Wong CH, Chang HC, Pasupathy S, Khin LW, Tan JL, Low CO. Necrotizing fasciitis: clinical presentation, microbiology, and determinants of mortality. J Bone Joint Surg Am 2003;85:1454�60.
  • Chelsom J, Halstensen A, Haga T, Hoiby A. Necrotizing fasciitis due to group A streptococci in western Norway: incidence and clinical features. Lancet 1994;344:1111�5.
  • Dellinger EP. Surgical infections and choice of antibiotics. In: Townsend CMJ, Beuchamp RD, Evers BM, L MK, editors. Sabaston Textbook of Surgery: The Biological Basis of Modern Surgical Practise. New York: W.B. Saunders Company; 2001. p. 171�88.
  • Fry DE. Infection, inflammation and antibiotics. In: Corson JD, Williamson RCN, editors. Surgery. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001. p. 1�24.
  • Stevens DL. Streptococcal infections. In: Goldman L, Bennett JC, editors. Cecil textbook of medicine. Toronto: W.B. Saunders company; 2000. p. 1619�24.
  • Henry S, Scaled TM. Gas gangrene of the extremity. In: Cameron JL, editor. Current surgical therapy. St. Louis: Mosby; 2001. p. 1241�5.
  • Wessels MR. Streptococcal and enterococcal infections. In: Braunwald E, Fauci AS, Kasper DL, Hauser SL, Longo DL, Jameson JL, editors. Harrison�s principles of internal medicine. New York: McGraw Hill; 2001. p. 901–9.
  • Fischer JE, Fegelman E. Surgical complications. In: Shwartz SI, Shires GT, Spencer FC, Daly JM, Fischer JE, Galloway AC, editors. Principles of surgery. New York: McGraw Hill; 1999. p. 441�83.
  • streptococcal toxic shock syndrome. Rationale and consensus definition, JAMA 1993;269:390�1.
  • Davies DH, McGeer A, Schwartz B, Green K, Cann D, Simor AE, Low DE, The Ontario group A streptococcal study group. Invasive group A streptococcal infections in Ontario, Canada. N Engl J Med 1996;135:547�54.
  • Moody M, Padulaa J, Lizama B, Paul C. Epidemiological characterization of group A streptococci by T agglutination and M precipitation in the public health laboratory. Health Lab Sci 1965;2:149�61.
  • Simonart T, Simonart JM, Derdelinckx I, De Dobbeleer G, Verleysen A, Verraes S, et al. Value of standard laboratory tests for the early recognition of group A beta-haemolytic streptococcal necrotizing fasciitis. Clin Infect Dis 2001;32: e9�12.
  • Prins C, Kerdel FA, Padilla RS, Hunziker T, Chimenti S, Viard I, et al. and the TEN-IVIG Study Group. Toxic epidermal necrolysis-intravenous immunoglobulin. Treatment of toxic epidermal necrolysis with high-dose intravenous immunoglobulins: multicentre retrospective analysis of 48 consecutive cases. Arch Dermatol 2003;139: 26�32.
  • Viard I, Wehrli P, Bullani R, Schneider P, Holler N, Salomon D, et al. Inhibition of toxic epidermal necrolysis by blockade of CD95 with human intravenous immunoglobulin. Science 1998;282:490�3.
  • Haywood CT, McGeer A, Low DE. Clinical experience with 20 cases of group A streptococcus necrotizing fasciitis and myonecrosis: 1995 to 1997. Plast Reconstr Surg 1999;103: 1567�73.
  • Simonart T, Nakafusa J, Narisawa Y. The importance of serum creatine phosphokinase level in the early diagnosis and microbiological evaluation of necrotizing fasciitis. Eur Acad Dermatol Venerol 2004;18:687�90.
  • Mier J, Leon EL, Castillo A, Robledo F, Blanco R. Early vs late necrosectomy in severe necrotizing pancreatitis. Am J Surg 1997;173:71�5.
  • Lin C, Yeh FL, Lin JT, Ma H, Hwang CH, Shen BH, Fang RH. Necrotizing fasciitis of the head and neck: an analysis of 47 cases. Plast Reconstr Surg 2001;107: 1684�93.
  • Brandt MM, Corpron CA, Wahl WL. Necrotizing soft tissue infections: a surgical disease. Am Surg 2000;66:967�70.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.