Improving survival of patients with candidaemia: Analysis of prognostic factors from a long-term, nationwide study in Iceland

References

• Rose HD, Varkey B. Deep mycotic infection in the hospitalized adult: a study of 123 patients. Medicine (Baltimore) 1975;54:499–507.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fraser VJ, Jones M, Dunkel J, Storfer S, Medoff G, Dunagan WC. Candidaemia in a tertiary care hospital: epidemiology, risk factors, and predictors of mortality. Clin Infect Dis 1992;15:414–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voss A, le Noble JL, Verduyn Lunel FM, Foudraine NA, Meis JF. Candidaemia in intensive care unit patients: risk factors for mortality. Infection 1997;25:8–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin GS, Mannino DM, Eaton S, Moss M. The epidemiology of sepsis in the United States from 1979 to 2000. N Engl J Med 2003;348:1546–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RR Risk factors for hospital-acquired candidaemia. A matched case- control study. Arch Intern Med 1989;149:2349–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bross J, Talbot GH, Maislin G, Hurwitz S, Strom BL. Risk factors for nosocomial candidaemia: a case-control study in adults without leukemia. Am J Med 1989;87:614–20.
   Google Scholar
• Blumberg HM, Jarvis WR, Soucie JM, Edwards JE, Patterson JE, Pfaller MA, et al. National Epidemiology of Mycoses Survey (NEMIS) Study Group. Risk factors for candidal bloodstream infections in surgical intensive care unit patients: the NEMIS prospective multicenter study. The National Epidemiology of Mycosis Survey. Clin Infect Dis 2001;33:177–86.
   Google Scholar
• Wey SB, Mori M, Pfaller MA, Woolson RF, Wenzel RP. Hospital-acquired candidaemia: the attributable mortality and excess length of stay. Arch Intern Med 1988;148: 2642–5.
   Google Scholar
• Rentz AM, Halpern MT, Bowden R. The impact of candidaemia on length of hospital stay, outcome, and overall cost of illness. Clin Infect Dis 1998;27:781–8.
   Google Scholar
• Guðlaugsson Ó, Gillespie S, Lee K, Vande Berg J, Hu J, Messer S, Herwaldt L, Pfaller M, Diekema D. Attributable mortality of nosocomial candidaemia, revisited. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:1172–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rose HD. Venous catheter-associated candidaemia. Am J Med Sci 1978;275:265–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Phillips P, Shafran S, Garber G, Rotstein C, Smaill F, Fong I, Salit I, Miller M, Williams K, Conly JM, Singer J, Ioannou S. Multicenter randomized trial of fluconazole versus amphotericin B for treatment of candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients. Canadian Candidaemia Study Group. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1997;16:337–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, van der Horst CM, Edwards JE, Washburn RG, Scheld WM, Karchmer AW, Dine AP. A randomized trial comparing fluconazole with amphotericin B for the treatment of candidaemia in patients without neutropenia. Candidaemia Study Group and the National Institute. N Engl J Med 1994;331:1325–30.
   Google Scholar
• Edwards JE Jr, Bodey GP, Bowden RA, Buchner T, de Pauw BE, Filler SG, Ghannoum MA, Glauser M, Herbrecht R, Kauffman CA, Kohno S, Martino P, Meunier F, Mori T, Pfaller MA, Rex JH, Rogers TR, Rubin RH, Solomkin J, Viscoli C, Walsh TJ, White M. International Conference for the Development of a Consensus on the Management and Prevention of Severe Candidal Infections. Clin Infect Dis 1997;25:43–59.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Rex JH, Sobel JD, Filler SG, Dismukes WE, Walsh TJ, Edwards JE. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for treatment of candidiasis. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:161–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nolla-Salas J, Sitges-Serra A, Leon-Gil C, Martinez-Gonzalez J, Leon-Regidor MA, Ibanez-Lucia P, Torres-Rodriguez JM. Candidaemia in non-neutropenic critically ill patients: analysis of prognostic factors and assessment of systemic antifungal therapy. Study Group of Fungal Infection in the ICU. Intensive Care Med 1997;23:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anaissie EJ, Rex JH, Uzun Ö, Vartivarian S. Predictors of adverse outcome in cancer patients with candidaemia. Am J Med 1998;104:238–45.
   Google Scholar
• Luzzati R, Amalfitano G, Lazzarini L, Soldani F, Bellino S, Solbiati M, Danzi MC, Vento S, Todeschini G, Vivenza C, Concia E. Nosocomial candidaemia in non-neutropenic patients at an Italian tertiary care hospital. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2000;19:602–7.
   Google Scholar
• Nguyen MH, Peacock JE Jr, Tanner DC, Morris AJ, Nguyen ML, Snydman DR, Wagener MM, Yu VL. Therapeutic approaches in patients with candidaemia. Evaluation in a multicenter, prospective, observational study. Arch Intern Med 1995;155:2429–35.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nucci M, Colombo AL, Silveira F, Richtmann R, Salomao R, Branchini ML, Spector N. Risk factors for death in patients with candidaemia. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 1998;19:846–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rex JH, Bennett JE, Sugar AM, Pappas PG, Serody J, Edwards JE, Washburn RG. Intravascular catheter exchange and duration of candidaemia. NIAID Mycoses Study Group and the Candidaemia Study Group. Clin Infect Dis 1995; 21:994–6.
   Google Scholar
• Ásmundsdóttir LR, Erlendsdóttir H, Gottfredsson M. Increasing incidence of candidaemia: results from a 20-year nationwide study in Iceland. J Clin Microbiol 2002;40:3489–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki DG, Weise CE, Sarafin HW. A semiquantitative culture method for identifying intravenous-catheter-related infection. N Engl J Med 1977;296:1305–9.
   Google Scholar
• American College of Chest Physicians/Society of Critical Care Medicine. Consensus Conference definitions for sepsis and organ failure and guidelines for the use of innovative therapies in sepsis. Crit Care Med 1992;20:864–74.
   Google Scholar
• Beck-Sague C, Jarvis WR. Secular trends in the epidemiology of nosocomial fungal infections in the United States, 1980–1990. National Nosocomial Infections Surveillance System. J Infect Dis 1993;167: 1247–51.
   Google Scholar
• Poikonen E, Lyytikainen O, Anttila VJ, Ruutu P. Candidaemia in Finland, 1995–1999. Emerg Infect Dis 2003;9:985–90.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pfaller MA, Jones RN, Messer SA, Edmond MB, Wenzel RP. National surveillance of nosocomial blood stream infection due to Candida albicans: frequency of occurrence and antifungal susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 1998;31:327–32.
   Google Scholar
• Goodrich M, Reed EC, Mori M, Fisher LD, Skerrett S, Dandliker PS, Klis B, Counts GW, Meyers JD. Clinical features and analysis of risk factors for invasive candidal infection after marrow transplantation. J Infect Dis 1991; 164:731–40.
   Google Scholar
• Marr KA, Seidel K, White TC, Bowden RA. Candidaemia in allogeneic blood and marrow transplant recipients: evolution of risk factors after the adoption of prophylactic fluconazole. J Infect Dis 2000;181:309–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottfredsson M, Vredenburgh JJ, Xu J, Schell WA, Perfect JR. Candidaemia in women with breast carcinoma treated with high-dose chemotherapy and autologous bone marrow transplantation. Cancer 2003;98:24–30.
   Google Scholar
• Spebar MJ, Pruitt BAJr. Candidiasis in the burned patient. J Trauma 1981;21:237–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Prasad JK, Feller I, Thomson PD. A ten-year review of Candida sepsis and mortality in burn patients. Surgery 1987;101:213–6.
   Google Scholar
• Mammel MC, Green TP, Johnson DE, Thompson TR. Controlled trial of dexamethasone therapy in infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia. Lancet 1983;1:1356–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairchild KD, Tomkoria S, Sharp EC, Mena FV. Neonatal Candida glabrata sepsis: clinical and laboratory features compared with other Candida species. Pediatr Infect Dis J 2002;21:39–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pappas PG, Rex JH, Lee J, Hamill RJ, Larsen RA, Powderly W, Kauffman CA, Hyslop N, Mangino JE, Chapman S, Horowitz HW, Edwards JE, Dismukes WE. A prospective observational study of candidaemia: epidemiology, therapy, and influences on mortality in hospitalized adult and pediatric patients. Clin Infect Dis 2003;37:634–43.
   Google Scholar
• Braude AI. Moniliasis (Candidiasis). In: Thorn GW, Adams RD, Braunwald E, Isselbacher K, Petersdorf RG, editors. Harrison's Principles of Internal Medicine, 8th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1977. p. 947.
   Google Scholar
• Harvey RL, Myers JP. Nosocomial fungemia in a large community teaching hospital. Arch Intern Med 1987;147: 2117–20.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Yamamura DL, Rotstein C, Nicolle LE, Ioannou S. Candi- daemia at selected Canadian sites: results from the Fungal Disease Registry, 1992–1994. Fungal Disease Registry of the Canadian Infectious Disease Society. CMAJ 1999;160: 493–9.
   Google Scholar
• Nucci M, Anaissie E. Should vascular catheters be removed from all patients with candidaemia? An evidence-based review. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:591–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walsh TJ, Rex JH. All Catheter-Related Candidaemia Is Not the Same: Assessment of the Balance between the Risks and Benefits of Removal of Vascular Catheters. Clin Infect Dis 2002;34:600–2.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lazzarini L, Luzzati R. Removal of central venous catheters from patients with candidaemia. Clin Infect Dis 2002;35:1021.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raad I, Hanna H, Boktour M, Girgawy E, Danawi H, Mardani M, Kontoyiannis D, Darouiche R, Hachem R, Bodey GP. Management of central venous catheters in patients with cancer and candidaemia. Clin Infect Dis 2004;38:1119–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karlowicz MG, Hashimoto LN, Kelly RE Jr, Buescher ES. Should central venous catheters be removed as soon as candidaemia is detected in neonates? Pediatrics 2000;106: E63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sigvaldason K, Agustsson T, Jonsson OT. Thirty years of intensive care: Clinical experience at Reykjavik Hospital. Læknablaðið – The Icelandic Medical Journal 2000;86:749–53.
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredsson M, Erlendsdottir H, Kristjansson M, Gudmundsson S, Kristinsson KG. A nationwide study of invasive pneumococcal infections in Iceland during a 20 year period. In: Program and abstracts of the 41st Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (Chicago). 2001. Abstract no. L–900
   Google Scholar
• Gottfredsson M, Erlendsdottir H, Hardardottir H, Kristinsson KG. Invasive meningococcal infections-nationwide epidemiological study in Iceland 1975–2001. In: Program and abstracts of the 42nd Interscience Conference on Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy (San Diego). 2002. Abstract no. L–1592
   Google Scholar