References
- Leibovitz E, Poolack H, Moore T. Comparison of PCR and standard cytological staining for the detection of Pneumocystis carinii from respiratory specimens from patients with or at high risk for infection by human immunodeficiency virus. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 3004–7
- Lane BR, Ast JC, Hossler PA, Mindell DP, Bartlett MS, Smith JW, Meshnick SR. Dihydropteroate synthase polymorphisms in Pneumocystis carinii. J Infect Dis 1997; 175: 482–5
- Kazanjian P, Locke AB, Hossler PA, Lane BR, Bartlett MS, Smith JW, Cannon M, Mesnick SR. Pneumocystis carinii mutations associated with sulfa and sulfone prophylaxis failures in AIDS patients. AIDS 1998; 12: 873–8
- Mei Q, Gurunathan S, Masur H, Kovacs JA. Failure of co-trimoxazole in Pneumocystis carinii infection and mutations in dihydropteroate synthase gene. Lancet 1998; 351: 1631–2
- Helweg-Larsen J, Benfield TL, Eugen-Olsen J, Lundgren JD, Lundgren B. Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase on outcome of AIDS-associated P. carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1999; 354: 1347–51
- Achari A, Somers DO, Champness JN, Bryant PK, Rosemond J, Stammers DK. Crystal structure of the anti-bacterial sulfonamide drug target dihydropteroate synthase. Nat Struct Biol 1997; 4: 490–7
- Lopez P, Espinosa M, Greenberg B, Lacks SA. Sulfonamide resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae: DNA sequence of the gene encoding dihydropteroate synthase and characterization of the enzyme. J Bacteriol 1987; 169: 4320–6
- Brooks DR, Wang P, Read M, Watkins WM, Sims PFG, Hyde JE. Sequence variation of the hydroxymethylhydropterin pyrophospokinase: dihydropteroate synthase in lines of the human malaria parasite, Plasmodium falciparum, with differing resistance to sulfadoxine. Eur J Biochem 1994; 224: 397–405
- Fermér C, Kristiansen BE, Sköld O, Swedberg G. Sulfonamide resistance in Neisseria meningitidis as defined by site-directed mutagenesis could have its origin in other species. J Bacteriol 1995; 177: 4669–75
- Vedantam G, Guay GG, Austria NE, Doktor SZ, Nichols BP. Characterization of mutations contributing to sulfathiazole resistance in Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial Agents Chemother 1998; 42: 88–93
- Lundgren B, Wakefield AE. PCR for detecting Pneumocystis carinii in clinical or environmental samples. FEMS Immunol Med Microbiol 1998; 22: 97–101
- Rossen L, Norskov P, Holmstrom K. Inhibition of PCR by components of food samples, microbial diagnostic assays and DNA-extraction solutions. Int J Food Microbiol 1992; 17: 37–45
- Wilson IG. Inhibition and facilitation of nucleic acid amplification. Appl Enviromen Microbiol 1997; 63: 3741–51
- Icenhour CR, Rebholz SL, Collins MS, Cushion MT. Widespread occurrence of Pneumocystis carinii in commercial rat colonies detected using targeted PCR and oral swabs. J Clin Microbiol 2001; 39: 3437–41
- Alves M, Matos O, Antunes F. Multilocus PCR-RFLP analysis of Cryptosporidium isolates from HIV-infected patients from Portugal. Ann Trop Med Parasitol 2001; 95: 627–32
- Helweg-Larsen J, Eugen-Olsen J, Lundgren B. Rapid detection of dihydropteroate polymorphism in AIDS-related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia by restriction fragment length polymorphism. Scand J Infect Dis 2000; 32: 481–3
- Matos O, Lundgren B, Caldeira L, Mansinho K, Aguiar P, Forte M, Antunes F. Evaluation of 2 nested polymerase chain reactions for diagnosis of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in immunocompromized patients. Clin Microbiol Infect 2000; 6: 149–52
- Costa MC, Helweg-Larsen J, Lundgren B, Antunes F, Matos O. Mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene of Pneumocystis jirovecii isolates from Portuguese patients with Pneumocystis pneumonia. Int J Antimicrob Agents 2003; 22: 516–20
- Ma L, Kovacs JA, Cargnel A, Vallerio A, Fantoni G, Atzori C. Mutations in the dihydropteroate synthase gene of human-derived Pneumocystis carinii isolates from Italy are infrequent but correlate with prior sulfa prophylaxis. J Infect Dis 2002; 185: 1530–2
- Costa MC, Helweg-Larsen J, Antunes F, Lundgren B, Diogo J, Matos O. PCR-RFLP analysis of the DHPS gene for the study of resistance of Pneumocystis carinii to sulfa drugs in patients with co-infection PCP/VIH. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2001; Suppl: S148–9