The impact on community acquired pneumonia empirical therapy of diagnostic bronchoscopic techniques

References

• Mandell LA, Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, File TM, Jr, Musher DM, Whitney C. Infectious Diseases Society of America. Update of practice guidelines for the management of community acquired pneumonia in immunocompetent adults. CID 2003; 37: 1405–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• SEPAR Working group on Community Acquired Pneumonia and Tuberculosis and Respiratory Infections Assembly. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of community acquired pneumonia. Spanish Society of Pulmonology and Thoracic Surgery. Arch Bronconeumol 2005;41: 272–89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• van der Eerden MM, Vlaspolder F, de Graaff CS, Groot T, Jansen HM, Boersma WG. Value of intensive diagnostic microbiological investigation in low- and high-risk patients with community acquired pneumonia. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 241–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busk MF, Rosenow EC III, Wilson WR. Invasive procedures in the diagnosis of pneumonia. Semin Respir Infect 1998; 3: 113–22
   Google Scholar
• Fagon JY, Chastre J, Domart Y, Trouillet JL, Pierre J, Darne C, et al. Nosocomial pneumonia in patients receiving continuous mechanical ventilation. A prospective analysis of 52 episodes with use of protected specimen brush and quantitative culture techniques. Am Rev Respir Dis 1989; 139: 877–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rano A, Agusti C, Jimenez P, Angrill J, Benito N, Danes C, et al. Pulmonary infiltrates in non-HIV-immunocompromized patients: a diagnostic approach using non-invasive and bronchoscopic procedures. Thorax 2001; 56: 379–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baselski VS, Wunderink RG. Bronchoscopic diagnosis of pneumonia. Clin Microbiol Rev 1994; 7: 533–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortqvist A, Kalin M, Lejdeborn L, Lundberg B. Diagnostic fibreoptic bronchoscopy and protected brush culture in patients with community acquired pneumonia. Chest 1990; 97: 576–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez P, Saldias F, Meneses M, Silva ME, Wilson MG, Otth L. Comparison between bronchoalveolar lavage and telescoping plugged catheter cultures. Chest 1993; 103: 1023–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez RM, Fancher ML, Phelps M, Hawkins K, Johnson J, Stacks K, et al. An emergency based randomized trial of non-bronchoscopic bronchoalveolar lavage for early pathogen identification in severe community acquired pneumonia. Ann Emerg Med 2001; 38: 357–63
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ruiz M, Ewig S, Marcos MA, Martinez JA, Arancibia F, Mensa J, et al. Aetiology of community acquired pneumonia: impact of age, comorbidity and severity. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 397–405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• CLSI/NCCLS M100-S15 Vol.25. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing; 15th informational supplement. January 2005.
   Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society; Infectious Diseases Society of America. Guidelines for the management of adults with hospital acquired, ventilator associated and health care associated pneumonia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005;171: 388–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• American Thoracic Society. Diagnosis and treatment of disease caused by non-tuberculous mycobacteria. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997;156: S1–25.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prats E, Dorca J, Pujol M, Garcia L, Barreiro B, Verdaguer R, et al. Effects of antibiotics on protected specimen brush sampling in ventilator associated pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2002; 19: 944–51
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Timsit JF, Misset B, Francoual S, Goldstein FW, Vaury P, Carlet J. Comparison of non-protected lower respiratory tract secretions and protected specimen brush samples in the diagnosis of pneumonia. Intensive Care Med 1988; 14: 30–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wimberley NW, Bass JB, Boyd BW, Kirkpatrick MB, Serio RA, Pollock HM. Use of bronchoscopic protected catheter brush for the diagnosis of pulmonary infections. Chest 1982; 81: 556–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Torres A, El-Ebiary M. Bronchoscopic BAL in the diagnosis of ventilator associated pneumonia. Chest 2000; 117: S198–202
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rein MF, Gwaltney JM, O'Brien WM, Jennings RH, Mandell GL. Accuracy of Gram stain in identifying pneumococci in sputum. JAMA 1978; 239: 2671–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitsavos C, Panagiotakos DB, Chrysohoou C, Stefanadis C. Epidemiology of cardiovascular risk factors in Greece: aims, design and baseline characteristics of the ATTICA study. BMC Public Health 2003; 20: 32
   Google Scholar
• Luna CM, Famiglietti A, Absi R, Vileda AJ, Nogueira FJ, Fuenzalida AD, et al. Community acquired pneumonia. Aetiology, epidemiology, and outcome at a teaching hospital in Argentina. Chest 2000; 118: 1344–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz M, Ewig S, Torres A, Arancibia F, Marco F, Mensa J, et al. Severe community acquired pneumonia. Risk factors and follow-up epidemiology. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 923–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadjichristodoulou C, Vasilogiannopoulos A, Spala G, Mavrou I, Kolonia V, Marinis E, et al. Mycobacterium tuberculosis transmission among high school students in Greece. Pediatr Int 2005; 4792: 180–4
   Google Scholar
• Arancibia F, Bauer TT, Ewig S, Mensa J, Gonzalez J, Niederman MS, et al. Community acquired pneumonia due to Gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: incidence, risk, and prognosis. Arch Intern Med 2002; 162: 1849–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Ebiary M, Torres A, Fabregas N, de la Bellacasa JP, Gonzalez J, Raminez J, et al. Significance of the isolation of Candida species from respiratory samples in critically ill, non-neutropenic patients. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1997; 156: 583–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shefet D, Robenshtok E, Paul M, Leibovici L. Empirical atypical coverage for inpatients with community acquired pneumonia: a systematic review of randomized controlled trials. Arch Intern Med 2005; 165: 1992–2000
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menendez R, Torres A, Zalacain R, Aspa J, Martin-Villasclaras JJ, Borderias L, et al. Guidelines for the treatment of community acquired pneumonia: predictors of adherence and outcome. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2005; 172: 757–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aspa J, Rajas O, Rodriguez de Castro F, Huertas MC, Borderias L, Cabello FJ, et al. Impact of initial antibiotic choice on mortality from pneumococcal pneumonia. Eur Respir J 2006; 27: 1010–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosón B, Fernández-Sabé N, Carratalà J, Verdaguer R, Dorca J, Manresa F, et al. Contribution of a urinary antigen assay (Binax NOW) to the early diagnosis of pneumococcal pneumonia. CID 2004; 38: 222–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ERS Task Force Report. Guidelines for management of adult community acquired lower respiratory tract infections. European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J 1998;11: 986–91.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar