Emergence of a new clone carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes and staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type V among methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus in Greece

References

• Vandenesch F, Naimi T, Enright MC, Lina G, Nimmo GR, Heffernan H, et al. Community acquired methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes: worldwide emergence. Emerg Infect Dis 2003; 9: 978–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gillet Y, Issartel B, Vanhems P, Fournet JC, Lina G, Bes M, et al. Association between Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying genes for Panton-Valentine leukocidin and highly lethal necrotizing pneumonia in young immunocompetent patients. Lancet 2002; 359: 753–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lina G, Piémont Y, Godail-Gamot F, Bes M, Peter MO, Gauduchon V, et al. Involvement of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-producing Staphylococcus aureus in primary skin infections and pneumonia. Clin Infect Dis 1999; 29: 1128–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chini V, Petinaki E, Foka A, Paratiras S, Dimitracopoulos G, Spiliopoulou I. Spread of Staphylococcus aureus clinical isolates carrying Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes during a 3-y period in Greece. Clin Microbiol Infect 2006; 12: 29–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu LY, Koh YL, Chlebicka NL, Tan TY, Krishnan P, Lin RT, et al. Establishment of ST30 as the predominant clonal type among community-associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus isolates in Singapore. J Clin Microbiol 2006; 44: 1090–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle-Vavra S, Ereshefsky B, Wang CC, Daum RS. Successful multiresistant community associated methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus lineage from Taipei, Taiwan, that carries either the novel staphylococcal chromosome cassette mec (SCCmec) type VT or SCCmec type IV. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 4719–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garnier F, Tristan A, Francois B, Etienne J, Delage-Corre M, Martin C, et al. Pneumonia and new methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clone. Emerg Infect Dis 2006; 12: 498–500
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Aires de Sousa M, Bartzavali C, Spiliopoulou I, Santos Sanches I, Crisóstomo MI, de Lencastre H. Two international methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones endemic in a university hospital in Patras, Greece. J Clin Microbiol 2003; 41: 2027–32
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Division of Healthcare Quality Promotion. CA-MRSA for Clinicians. Atlanta, USA: CDC, 2005. Available from URL:, , http://www.cdc.gov/ncidod/hip/aresist/ca_mrsa.htm.
   Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing, 16th informational supplement. M100-S16. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• Toma E, Barriault D. Antimicrobial activity of fusidic acid and disk diffusion susceptibility criteria for Gram-positive cocci. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 1712–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute. Methods for dilution antimicrobial susceptibility tests for bacteria that grow aerobically, 7th edn. Approved standard M7-A7. Wayne, PA: CLSI, 2006.
   Google Scholar
• de Lencastre H, Couto I, Santos I, Melo-Cristino J, Torres-Pereira A, Tomasz A. Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus disease in a Portuguese hospital: characterization of clonal types by a combination of DNA typing methods. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 1994; 13: 64–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tenover FC, Arbeit RD, Goering RV, Mickelsen PA, Murray BE, Persing DH, et al. Interpreting chromosomal DNA restriction patterns produced by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis: criteria for bacterial strain typing. J Clin Microbiol 1995; 33: 2233–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lina G, Boutite F, Tristan A, Bes M, Etienne J, Vandenesch F. Bacterial competition for human nasal cavity colonization: role of staphylococcal agr alleles. Appl Environ Microbiol 2003; 69: 18–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira DC, de Lencastre H. Multiplex PCR strategy for rapid identification of structural types and variants of the mec element in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2002; 46: 2155–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Ma XX, Takeuchi F, Okuma K, Yuzawa H, Hiramatsu K. Novel type V staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec driven by a novel cassette chromosome recombinase, ccrC. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2004; 48: 2637–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milheiriço C, Oliveira DC, de Lencastre H. Multiplex PCR strategy for subtyping the staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type IV in methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus: ‘SCCmec IV multiplex’. J Antimicrob Chemother 2007; 60: 42–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kondo Y, Ito K, Ma XX, Watanabe S, Kreiswirth BN, Etienne J, et al. Combination of multiplex PCRs for staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec type assignment: rapid identification system for mec, ccr, and major differences in junkyard regions. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2007; 51: 264–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oliveira DC, Milheiriço C, Vinga S, de Lencastre H. Assessment of allelic variation in the ccrAB locus in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus clones. J Antimicrob Chemother 2006; 58: 23–30
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Enright MC, Day NP, Davies CE, Peacock SJ, Spratt BG. Multilocus sequence typing for characterization of methicillin-resistant and methicillin-susceptible clones of Staphylococcus aureus. J Clin Microbiol 2000; 38: 1008–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmes A, Ganner M, McGuane S, Pitt TL, Cookson BD, Kearns AM. Staphylococcus aureus isolates carrying Panton-Valentine leucocidin genes in England and Wales: frequency, characterization, and association with clinical disease. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 2384–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tristan A, Bes M, Meugnier H, Lina G, Bozdogan B, Courvalin P, et al. Global distribution of Panton-Valentine leukocidin-positive methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, 2006. Emerg Infect Dis 2007; 13: 594–600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wannet WJB, Spalburg E, Heck ME, Pluister GN, Tiemersma E, Willems RJ, et al. Emergence of virulent methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains carrying Panton-Valentine leucocidin genes in the Netherlands. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 3341–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Witte W, Braulke C, Cuny C, Strommenger B, Werner G, Heuck D, et al. Emergence of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus with Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes in central Europe. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 2005; 24: 1–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faria NA, Oliveira DC, Westh H, Monnet DL, Larsen AR, Skov R, et al. Epidemiology of emerging methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) in Denmark: a nationwide study in a country with low prevalence of MRSA infection. J Clin Microbiol 2005; 43: 1836–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robert J, Etienne J, Bertrand X on behalf of ONERBA. Methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus producing Panton-Valentine leukocidin in a retrospective case series from 12 French hospital laboratories, 2000–2003. Clin Microbiol Infect 2005;11: 585–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diep BA, Sensabaugh GF, Somboona NS, Carleton HA, Perdreau-Remington F. Widespread skin and soft-tissue infections due to 2 methicillin- resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains harbouring the genes for Panton-Valentine leucocidin. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 2080–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gerogianni I, Mpatavanis G, Gourgoulianis K, Maniatis A, Spiliopoulou I, Petinaki E. Combination of staphylococcal chromosome cassette SCCmec type V and Panton-Valentine leukocidin genes in a methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus that caused necrotizing pneumonia in Greece. Diagn Microbiol Infect Dis 2006; 56: 213–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coombs GW, Nimmo GR, Bell JM, Huygens F, O'Brien FG, Malkowski MJ, et al. Genetic diversity among community methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains causing outpatient infections in Australia. J Clin Microbiol 2004; 42: 4735–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar