Treatment of chronic hepatitis B infection: An update of Swedish recommendations

References

• Lavanchy D. Hepatitis B virus epidemiology, disease burden, treatment, and current and emerging prevention and control measures. J Viral Hepat 2004; 11: 97–107
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CH, Liaw YF, Sheen IS, Chen TJ. Correlation of age with the status of hepatitis B virus replication and histological changes in chronic type B hepatitis. Liver 1985; 5: 117–22
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fattovich G, Olivari N, Pasino M, D'Onofrio M, Martone E, Donato F. Long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in Caucasian patients: mortality after 25 years. Gut 2008; 57: 84–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu YS, Chien RN, Yeh CT, Sheen IS, Chiou HY, Chu CM, et al. Long-term outcome after spontaneous HBeAg seroconversion in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 2002; 35: 1522–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hannoun C, Horal P, Lindh M. Long-term mutation rates in the hepatitis B virus genome. J Gen Virol 2000; 81: 75–83
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lindh M, Horal P, Dhillon AP, Norkrans G. Hepatitis B virus DNA levels, precore mutations, genotypes and histological activity in chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2000; 7: 258–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lindh M, Hannoun C, Dhillon AP, Norkrans G, Horal P. Core promoter mutations and genotypes in relation to viral replication and liver damage in East Asian hepatitis B virus carriers. J Infect Dis 1999; 179: 775–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS. Hepatitis B virus genotype B is associated with earlier HBeAg seroconversion compared with hepatitis B virus genotype C. Gastroenterology 2002; 122: 1756–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan HL, Hui AY, Wong ML, Tse AM, Hung LC, Wong VW, et al. Genotype C hepatitis B virus infection is associated with an increased risk of hepatocellular carcinoma. Gut 2004; 53: 1494–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao J, Chen P, Lai M, Chen D. Hepatitis B genotypes correlate with clinical outcomes in patients with chronic hepatitis B. Gastroenterology 2000; 118: 554–559
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanchez-Tapias JM, Costa J, Mas A, Bruguera M, Rodes J. Influence of hepatitis B virus genotype on the long-term outcome of chronic hepatitis B in western patients. Gastroenterology 2002; 123: 1848–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erhardt A, Blondin D, Hauck K, Sagir A, Kohnle T, Heintges T, et al. Response to interferon alfa is hepatitis B virus genotype dependent: genotype A is more sensitive to interferon than genotype D. Gut 2005; 54: 1009–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan HL, Tsang SW, Liew CT, Tse CH, Wong ML, Ching JY, et al. Viral genotype and hepatitis B virus DNA levels are correlated with histological liver damage in HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B virus infection. Am J Gastroenterol 2002; 97: 406–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chu CJ, Hussain M, Lok AS. Quantitative serum HBV DNA levels during different stages of chronic hepatitis B infection. Hepatology 2002; 36: 1408–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CJ, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Lu SN, et al. Risk of hepatocellular carcinoma across a biological gradient of serum hepatitis B virus DNA level. JAMA 2006; 295: 65–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iloeje UH, Yang HI, Su J, Jen CL, You SL, Chen CJ. Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load. Gastroenterology 2006; 130: 678–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen HL, van Zonneveld M, Senturk H, Zeuzem S, Akarca US, Cakaloglu Y, et al. Pegylated interferon alfa-2b alone or in combination with lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: a randomised trial. Lancet 2005; 365: 123–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chan HL, Leung NW, Hui AY, Wong VW, Liew CT, Chim AM, et al. A randomized, controlled trial of combination therapy for chronic hepatitis B: comparing pegylated interferon-alpha2b and lamivudine with lamivudine alone. Ann Intern Med 2005; 142: 240–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GK, Piratvisuth T, Luo KX, Marcellin P, Thongsawat S, Cooksley G, et al. Peginterferon Alfa-2a, lamivudine, and the combination for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2682–95
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcellin P, Lau GK, Bonino F, Farci P, Hadziyannis S, Jin R, et al. Peginterferon alfa-2a alone, lamivudine alone, and the two in combination in patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1206–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kao JH, Wu NH, Chen PJ, Lai MY, Chen DS. Hepatitis B genotypes and the response to interferon therapy. J Hepatol 2000; 33: 998–1002
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cooksley WG, Piratvisuth T, Lee SD, Mahachai V, Chao YC, Tanwandee T, et al. Peginterferon alpha-2a (40 kDa): an advance in the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. J Viral Hepat 2003; 10: 298–305
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Soderstrom A, Lindh M, Ekholm K, Conradi N, Horal P, Krantz M, et al. Predictive factors and virological response to interferon treatment in children with chronic hepatitis B. Scand J Infect Dis 2005; 37: 40–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• ter Borg MJ, van Zonneveld M, Zeuzem S, Senturk H, Akarca US, Simon C, et al. Patterns of viral decline during PEG-interferon alpha-2b therapy in HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B: relation to treatment response. Hepatology 2006; 44: 721–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lai CL, Chien RN, Leung NW, Chang TT, Guan R, Tai DI, et al. A one-year trial of lamivudine for chronic hepatitis B. Asia Hepatitis Lamivudine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 61–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liaw YF, Sung JJ, Chow WC, Farrell G, Lee CZ, Yuen H, et al. Lamivudine for patients with chronic hepatitis B and advanced liver disease. N Engl J Med 2004; 351: 1521–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipples GA, Ma MM, Fischer KP, Bain VG, Kneteman NM, Tyrrell DL. Mutation in HBV RNA-dependent DNA polymerase confers resistance to lamivudine in vivo. Hepatology 1996; 24: 714–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcellin P, Chang TT, Lim SG, Tong MJ, Sievert W, Shiffman ML, et al. Adefovir dipivoxil for the treatment of hepatitis B e antigen-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2003; 348: 808–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang TT, Kitis G, Rizzetto M, et al. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2005; 352: 2673–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angus P, Vaughan R, Xiong S, Yang H, Delaney W, Gibbs C, et al. Resistance to adefovir dipivoxil therapy associated with the selection of a novel mutation in the HBV polymerase. Gastroenterology 2003; 125: 292–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hadziyannis SJ, Tassopoulos NC, Heathcote EJ, Chang TT, Kitis G, Rizzetto M, et al. Long-term therapy with adefovir dipivoxil for HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B for up to 5 years. Gastroenterology 2006; 131: 1743–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YS, Suh DJ, Lim YS, Jung SW, Kim KM, Lee HC, et al. Increased risk of adefovir resistance in patients with lamivudine-resistant chronic hepatitis B after 48 weeks of adefovir dipivoxil monotherapy. Hepatology 2006; 43: 1385–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang TT, Gish RG, de Man R, Gadano A, Sollano J, Chao YC, et al. A comparison of entecavir and lamivudine for HBeAg-positive chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1001–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai CL, Shouval D, Lok AS, Chang TT, Cheinquer H, Goodman Z, et al. Entecavir versus lamivudine for patients with HBeAg-negative chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2006; 354: 1011–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westland C, Delaney Wt, Yang H, Chen SS, Marcellin P, Hadziyannis S, , et al Hepatitis B virus genotypes and virologic response in 694 patients in phase III studies of adefovir dipivoxil1. Gastroenterology 2003;125:107–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colonno RJ, Rose R, Baldick CJ, Levine S, Pokornowski K, Yu CF, et al. Entecavir resistance is rare in nucleoside naive patients with hepatitis B. Hepatology 2006; 44: 1656–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lai CL, Gane E, Liaw YF, Hsu CW, Thongsawat S, Wang Y, et al. Telbivudine versus lamivudine in patients with chronic hepatitis B. N Engl J Med 2007; 357: 2576–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bommel F, Wunsche T, Mauss S, Reinke P, Bergk A, Schurmann D, et al. Comparison of adefovir and tenofovir in the treatment of lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B virus infection. Hepatology 2004; 40: 1421–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Bommel F, Wunsche T, Schurmann D, Berg T. Tenofovir treatment in patients with lamivudine-resistant hepatitis B mutants strongly affects viral replication. Hepatology 2002; 36: 507–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lim SG, Ng TM, Kung N, Krastev Z, Volfova M, Husa P, et al. A double-blind placebo-controlled study of emtricitabine in chronic hepatitis B. Arch Intern Med 2006; 166: 49–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calabrese LH, Zein NN, Vassilopoulos D. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) reactivation with immunosuppressive therapy in rheumatic diseases: assessment and preventive strategies. Ann Rheum Dis 2006; 65: 983–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoll A, Boehm S, Hahn J, Holler E, Jilg W. Long-term surveillance of haematopoietic stem cell recipients with resolved hepatitis B: high risk of viral reactivation even in a recipient with a vaccinated donor. J Viral Hepat 2007; 14: 478–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok AS, Liang RH, Chiu EK, Wong KL, Chan TK, Todd D. Reactivation of hepatitis B virus replication in patients receiving cytotoxic therapy. Report of a prospective study. Gastroenterology 1991; 100: 182–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lau GK, Leung YH, Fong DY, Au WY, Kwong YL, Lie A, et al. High hepatitis B virus (HBV) DNA viral load as the most important risk factor for HBV reactivation in patients positive for HBV surface antigen undergoing autologous hematopoietic cell transplantation. Blood 2002; 99: 2324–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nunez M, Soriano V. Management of patients co-infected with hepatitis B virus and HIV. Lancet Infect Dis 2005; 5: 374–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terrault N, Roche B, Samuel D. Management of the hepatitis B virus in the liver transplantation setting: a European and an American perspective. Liver Transpl 2005; 11: 716–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bortolotti F, Guido M, Bartolacci S, Cadrobbi P, Crivellaro C, Noventa F, et al. Chronic hepatitis B in children after e antigen seroclearance: final report of a 29-year longitudinal study. Hepatology 2006; 43: 556–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Moreno M, Otero M, Millan A, Castillo I, Cabrerizo M, Jimenez FJ, et al. Clinical and histological outcome after hepatitis B e antigen to antibody seroconversion in children with chronic hepatitis B. Hepatology 1999; 29: 572–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lok AS, Lai CL. A longitudinal follow-up of asymptomatic hepatitis B surface antigen- positive Chinese children. Hepatology 1988; 8: 1130–3
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sokal EM, Roberts EA, Mieli-Vergani G, McPhillips P, Johnson M, Barber J, et al. A dose ranging study of the pharmacokinetics, safety, and preliminary efficacy of lamivudine in children and adolescents with chronic hepatitis B. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2000; 44: 590–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beasley RP, Hwang LY, Lee GC, Lan CC, Roan CH, Huang FY, et al. Prevention of perinatally transmitted hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B virus infections with hepatitis B immune globulin and hepatitis B vaccine. Lancet 1983; 2: 1099–102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ngui SL, Andrews NJ, Underhill GS, Heptonstall J, Teo CG. Failed postnatal immunoprophylaxis for hepatitis B: characteristics of maternal hepatitis B virus as risk factors. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 27: 100–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Canho R, Grosheide PM, Mazel JA, Heijtink RA, Hop WC, Gerards LJ, et al. Ten-year neonatal hepatitis B vaccination program, The Netherlands, -1992: protective efficacy and long-term immunogenicity. Vaccine ;15 1982; 1997: 1624–30
   Google Scholar
• Soderstrom A, Norkrans G, Lindh M. Hepatitis B virus DNA during pregnancy and post partum: aspects on vertical transmission. Scand J Infect Dis 2003; 35: 814–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong VC, Ip HM, Reesink HW, Lelie PN, Reerink-Brongers EE, Yeung CY, et al. Prevention of the HBsAg carrier state in newborn infants of mothers who are chronic carriers of HBsAg and HBeAg by administration of hepatitis-B vaccine and hepatitis-B immunoglobulin. Double-blind randomised placebo-controlled study. Lancet 1984; 1: 921–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar