Severity and outcomes of Pneumocystis pneumonia in patients newly diagnosed with HIV infection: An observational cohort study

References

• Kaplan JE, Hanson D, Dworkin MS, Frederick T, Bertolli J, Lindegren ML, et al. Epidemiology of human immunodeficiency virus-associated opportunistic infections in the United States in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30(Suppl 1)S5–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris A, Lundgren JD, Masur H, Walzer PD, Hanson DL, Frederick T, et al. Current epidemiology of Pneumocystis pneumonia. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1713–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Azoulay E, Parrot A, Flahault A, Cesari D, Lecomte I, Roux P, et al. AIDS related Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in the era of adjunctive steroids: implication of BAL neutrophilia. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1999; 160: 493–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Poznansky MC, Coker R, Skinner C, Hill A, Bailey S, Whitaker L, et al. HIV-positive patients first presenting with an AIDS defining illness: characteristics and survival. Br Med J 1995; 311: 156–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pulvirenti J, Herrera P, Venkataraman P, Ahmed N. Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients in the HAART era. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2003; 17: 261–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller RF, Allen E, Copas A, Singer M, Edwards SG. Improved survival for HIV-infected patients with severe Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia is independent of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thorax 2006; 61: 716–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radhi S, Alexander T, Ukwu M, Saleh S, Morris A. Outcome of HIV associated Pneumocystis pneumonia in hospitalized patients from 2000 through 2003. BMC Infectious Diseases 2008; 8: 118
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Walzer PD, Evans HE, Copas AJ, Edwards SG, Grant AD, Miller RF. Early predictors of mortality from Pneumocystis jirovecii pneumonia in HIV-infected patients, 1985–2006. Clin Infect Dis 2008; 46: 625–33
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mallal SA, Martinez OP, French MA, James IR, Dawkins RL. Severity and outcome of Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) in patients of known and unknown HIV status. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1994; 7: 148–53
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dickson SJ, Batson S, Copas AJ, Edwards SG, Singer M, Miller RF. Survival of HIV-infected patients in the intensive care unit in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy. Thorax 2007; 62: 964–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sepkowitz KA. Effect of prophylaxis on the clinical manifestations of AIDS related opportunistic infections. Clin Infect Dis 1998; 26: 806–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Crothers K, Beard CB, Turner J, Groner G, Fox M, Morris A, et al. Severity and outcome of HIV associated Pneumocystis pneumonia containing Pneumocystis jirovecii dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations. AIDS 2005; 19: 801–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Helweg-Larsen J, Benfield TL, Eugen-Olsen J, Lundgren JD, Lundgren B. Effects of mutations in Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene on outcome of AIDS associated P. carinii pneumonia. Lancet 1999; 354: 1347–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Beard CB, Creasman J, Levy D, Duchin JS, Lee S, et al. Sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis and geographic region predict mutations in the Pneumocystis carinii dihydropteroate synthase gene. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 1192–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Crothers K, Atzori C, Benfield T, Miller R, Rabodonirina M, et al. Dihydropteroate synthase gene mutations in Pneumocystis and sulfa resistance. Emerg Infect Dis 2004; 10: 1721–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kazanjian P, Armstrong W, Hossler PA, Burman W, Richardson J, Lee CH, et al. Pneumocystis carinii mutations are associated with duration of sulfa or sulfone prophylaxis exposure in AIDS patients. J Infect Dis 2000; 182: 551–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallant JE, McAvinue SM, Moore RD, Bartlett JG, Stanton DL, Chaisson RE. The impact of prophylaxis on outcome and resource utilization in Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 1995; 107: 1018–23
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Benfield TL, Helweg-Larsen J, Bang D, Junge J, Lundgren JD. Prognostic markers of short-term mortality in AIDS associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Chest 2001; 119: 844–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang L, Hecht FM, Stansell JD, Montanti R, Hadley WK, Hopewell PC. Suspected Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia with a negative induced sputum examination. Is early bronchoscopy useful?. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1995; 151: 1866–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosner B. Fundamentals of Biostatistics4th edn. Duxbury Press, New York 1995
   Google Scholar
• Delpierre C, Cuzin L, Lauwers-Cances V, Marchou B, Lang T. High-risk groups for late diagnosis of HIV infection: a need for rethinking testing policy in the general population. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2006; 20: 838–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabin CA, Smith CJ, Gumley H, Murphy G, Lampe FC, Phillips AN, et al. Late presenters in the era of highly active antiretroviral therapy: uptake of and responses to antiretroviral therapy. AIDS 2004; 18: 2145–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sullivan AK, Curtis H, Sabin CA, Johnson MA. Newly diagnosed HIV infections: review in UK and Ireland. Br Med J 2005; 330: 1301–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Binswanger IA, Kral AH, Bluthenthal RN, Rybold DJ, Edlin BR. High prevalence of abscesses and cellulitis among community recruited injection drug users in San Francisco. Clin Infect Dis 2000; 30: 579–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Do TD, Chen S, McFarland W, Secura GM, Behel SK, MacKellar DA, et al. HIV testing patterns and unrecognized HIV infection among young Asian and Pacific Islander men who have sex with men in San Francisco. AIDS Educ Prev 2005; 17: 540–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar