Long-term Follow-up of Stone Formers Treated with a Low Dose of Sodium Potassium Citrate

REFERENCES

• Berg C. Alkaline citrate in prevention of recurrent calcium oxalate stones. Scand J Urol Nephrol 1990; Suppl 130: 1–34.
   Google Scholar
• Butz M. Zur Bedeutung von Zitrat für die Entstehung und Prophylaxe von Kalziumhamsteinen. Extracta Urologica 1985; 8: 61–73.
   Google Scholar
• Butz M, Knispel HH, Hulce HJ. Seven years' experience with citrate therapy in recurrent oxalate stone formers. In: Martelli A, Buli P. Marchesini B, editors. Inhibitors of crystallization in renal lithiasis and their clinical application. Acta Medica Roma 1988: 159–64.
   Google Scholar
• Pak CYC. Citrate and renal calculi: new insights and future directions. Am J Kidney Dis 1991; 17: 420–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG, Berg C, Fomander AM, Nilsson MA. Effects of citrate on the different phases of calcium oxalate crystallization. Scanning Microsc 1993; 7: 381–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hastigs AB, McLean FC, Eichelberger C, Hall JL, Da Costa E. The ionisation of calcium. Magnesium and strontium citrates. J Biol Chem 1934; 107: 351–70.
   Google Scholar
• Nicar MJ, Hill K, Pak CYC. Inhibition by citrate of spontaneous precipitation of calcium oxalate in vitro. J Bone Miner Res 1987; 2: 215–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyer JL, Smith LH. Growth of calcium oxalate crystals. II. Inhibition by natural urinary crystal growth inhibitors. Invest Urol 1975; 13: 36–9.
   Google Scholar
• Bek-Jensen H, Fomander A-M, Nilsson M-A, Tiselius H-G. Is citrate an inhibitor of calcium oxalate crystal growth in high concentrations of urine. Urol Res 1996; 24: 67–71.
   Google Scholar
• Kok DJ, Papaoulos SE, Bijvoet OLM. Excessive crystal agglomeration with low citrate excretion in recurrent stone-formers. The Lancet 1986; 1: 1056–8.
   Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG, Fornander AM. Evaluation of a routine method for determination of calcium oxalate crystal growth inhibition in diluted urine samples. Clin Chem 1981; 27: 565–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson WG. Urinary excretion. Nordin BEC, editor. Calcium, phosphate and magnesium metabolism. Edin-burgh: Churchill Livingstone, 1976: 113–61.
   Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG. Different estimates of the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization in urine. Eur Urol 1983; 9: 231–4.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG, Bek-Jensen H, Fomander AM, Nilsson MA. Crystallization properties in urine from calcium oxalate stone formers. J Urol 1995; 154: 940–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pak CYC, Fuller C, Sakhaee K, Preminger GM, Britton F. Long-term treatment of calcium nephrolithiasis with potassium citrate. J Urol 1985; 134: 11–9.
   Google Scholar
• Pak CYC, Kcenig K, Khan R, Haynes S, Padalino P. Physicochemical action of potassium-magnesium citrate in nephrolithiasis. J Bone Miner Res 1992; 7: 281–5.
   Google Scholar
• Berg C, Larsson L, Tiselius H-G. The effects of a single evening dose of alkaline citrate on urine composition and calcium stone formation. J Urol 1992; 148: 979–85.
   Google Scholar
• Ettinger B, Pak CY, Citron JT, Thomas C, Adams-Huet B, Vangessel A. Potassium-magnesium citrate is an effective prophylaxis against recurrent calcium oxalate nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1997; 158: 2069–73.
   Google Scholar
• Hauser W, Frick J, Kunit G. Alkali citrate for preventing recurrence of calcium oxalate stones. Eur Urol 1990; 17: 248–51.
   Google Scholar
• Abdulhadi MH, Hall PM, Streem S. Can citrate therapy prevent nephrolithiasis? Urology 1993; 41: 221–4.
   Google Scholar
• Hofbauer J, 116barth K, Szabo N, Marberger M. Alkali citrate prophylaxis in idiopathic recurrent calcium oxalate urolithiasis-a prospective randomized study. Br J Urol 1994; 73: 362–5.
   Google Scholar
• Trinchieri A, Rovera F, Nespoli R, Zanetti G, Austoni E. Prophylactic treatment of recurrent calcium stones with potassium sodium citrate. In: Ryall R, Bais R, Marshall V, Rofe AM, Smith LH, Walker VR, editors. Urolithiasis 2. New York/London: Plenum Press, 1994: 667.
   Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG. Standardized estimate of the ion activity product of calcium oxalate in urine from renal stone formers. Eur Urol 1989; 16: 48–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG. Aspects on estimation of the risk of calcium oxalate crystallization in urine. Urol Int 1991; 47: 255–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG. Solution chemistry of supersaturation. In: Coe FL, Favus MJ, Pak CYC, Parks JH, Preminger GM, editors. Kidney stones-medical and surgical manage-ment. Philadelphia/New York: Lippincott-Raven, 1996: 33–64.
   Google Scholar
• Achilles W, Ulsh(ifer B. Der Einfluss von Hamparame-tern auf das "kinetische und termodynamische Kristall-bildungsrisiko" von Kalziumoxalat. Fortschritte Urolo-gie und Nephrologie 1985; 23: 341–6.
   Google Scholar
• Kok DJ, Papapoulos E, Blomen LJMJ, Bijvoet OLM. Modulation of calcium oxalate monohydrate crystal-lization kinetics in vitro. Kidney Int 1988; 34: 346–50.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minero C, Magiorotti P. Barbeni M, Pelizzetti E, Tizzani A, Casetta G, et al. Effect of inhibitors on the crystal growth of calcium oxalate. Contrib Nephrol 1987; 58: 65–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ryall RL, Hibberd CM, Marshall VR. A method for studying the inhibitory activity in whole urine. Urol Res 1985; 13: 285–9.
   Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG, Berg C, Fomander AM, Nilsson MA. Effects of citrate on the different phases of calcium oxalate crystallization. Scanning Microsc 1993; 7: 381–90.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Berg C, Tiselius HG. The effects of citrate on hydroxyapatite induced calcium oxalate crystallization and on the formation of calcium phosphate crystals. Urol Res 1989; 17: 167–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hess B, Zipperle L, Jaeger P. Citrate and calcium effect on Tamm-Horsfall glycoprotein as a modifier of calcium oxalate crystal aggregation. Am Physiol Soc 1993; 265: F784–91.
   Google Scholar
• Smith LH, Wemess PG. Hydroxyapatite-the forgotten crystal in calcium urolithiasis. Trans Am Clin Climatol Assoc 1983; 95: 183–90.
   Google Scholar
• Sutor DJ, Percival JM, Doonan S. Isolation and identification of some urinary inhibitors of calcium phosphate formation. Clin Chim Acta 1978; 89: 273–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barcelo P. Wuhl O, Servitge E, Rousaud A, Pak CYC. Randomized double-blind study of potassium citrate in idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. J Urol 1993; 150: 1761–4.
   Google Scholar
• Cicerello E, Merlo F, Fandella A, Maccatrozzo L, Anselmo G. Effect of potassium-sodium citrate on idiopathic hypocitraturic calcium nephrolithiasis. (Ab-stract 64, Twelfth Congress of the European Association of Urology, Paris, 1996). Eur Urol 1996; 30(S2): 32.
   Google Scholar
• Ahlstrand C, Tiselius HG, Larsson L. Variations of urine composition during the day in patients with calcium oxalate stone disease. J Urol 1984; 131: 77–81.
   Google Scholar
• Sakhaee K, Nicar M, Hill K, Pak CYC. Contrasting effects of potassium citrate and sodium citrate therapies on urinary chemistries and crystallization of stone-forming salts. Kidney Int 1983; 24: 348–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiselius HG, Fomander AM, Nilsson MA. Studies on the crystallization of calcium salts in solutions with a composition corresponding to that in the distal tubule. Scanning Microsc: in press.
   Google Scholar